1 10 19 https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/28739efc762f078a2e3b1630e2572cd8.jpg ed46a2f84450e2940db079e0b6cce890 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rise of the Sassanids Subject The topic of the resource Rise of the Sassanids Language A language of the resource English Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wang, Fan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Wang, Fan Schellen, Thomas Galinski, Lara Person An individual. Birth Date 180 CE Death Date 240 CE Occupation satrap of Province Persis, King of Persis, founder of the Sassanian Empire, King of Kings of Persia Biographical Text Wiesehöfer, J. 1986. “ARDAŠĪR I i. History.” Encyclopaedia Iranica 2/4: 371-376, accesed under <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ardasir-i">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ardasir-i</a> (15.10.2021). Birthplace Ṭīrūda, a village in the district of Ḵīr and subdistrict of Eṣṭaḵr Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Origin of Ardashir I, Founder of the Sassanian Empire Subject The topic of the resource Phonetic deciphering of the spelling of the name of Ardashir I and different stories about his bloodline Description An account of the resource Ardashir I or Ardeshir I (Ardašire Bâbakân) was the founding father of the Sassanian Empire (224/226–651 CE) and also known as Ardashir the Unifier (180– 242 CE). Some texts call him Artaxerxes, surely pointing to the Persian continuity of rule. The different spellings of his name are due to the development of the Iranian languages, from the Old Persian ‘*Ṛtaxšira’ to Middle Persian (namely Pahlavi)’ ʾrthštr’, which makes him Artaxerxes V in the succession of Persian Shah (the Shah of Persis/Persia/Fars), after the Achaemenid Shah (Shahanshah) Artaxerxes IV; or Artaxerxes VI, if we consider Bessus, the famous Persian satrap of Bactria who killed Darius III while fleeing and probably assumed the crown name Artaxerxes, as the Artaxerxes mentioned in the ‘Alexander and Artaxerxes Fragment’ of the Babylonian Chronicles. The father of Ardashir I, according to Kârnâmag î Ardashîr î Babagân, was Sassan, a descendant from Dārā, i.e., the Achaemenid King Darius III. Ardashir’s mother was the daughter of Babag (Papag), the Parthian satrap of Persis. However, another Sassanian source, the famous Res Gestae Divi Saporis (<a href="http://parthiansources.com/texts/skz/">ŠKZ</a>) (<a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kaba-ye-zardost">KAʿBA-YE ZARDOŠT</a>), identifies Babag as the grandfather of Shapur I and father of Ardashir in the very first paragraph. A later account provides a third version of the lineage of Ardashir: In Al-Tabari’s (839–923 CE) History of the Prophets and Kings (Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk, commonly called Tarikh al-Tabari), Sassan was the custodian of the temple of the Fire of Anāhitā (Bayt nār Nāhīḏ) at Eṣṭaḵr, who married Rāmbehešt, a descendant or princess of the Bāzarangid family, who gave birth to Babag who fathered Ardashir (Bosworth 1999, 4). A modern reconstruction, based on the studies of ancient religion and theological figures, has been proposed by Touraj Daryaee in 2010. It was the fourth version of Ardashir's lineage, where Babag is thought to be the father of Ardashir, whose mother was the daughter of Sassan (Daryaee 2010, 241). Martin Schwartz provides another description of ‘Sasan’, which can be traced back to a goddess ‘from the middle of 2nd millennium BCE’ in Ugarit (Schwartz 1996, 253.b–254.a). For now, it is known that Ardashir I has been described as a descendant of a royal lineage of the Achaemenid House or as having had some blood from some obscure celestial being as far as his propaganda goes. I.e., he presented himself as the descendant of Achaemenid lineage, from Darius III to be exact, or he propagated the idea that he was affiliated with Ahura Mazda and thus rightfully enthroned by the God Supreme himself, just as the relief from <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/66">Naqš-i Rustam</a> shows. Reference: Bosworth, C. E. 1999. The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen. Albany, New York. Daryaee, T. 2009. Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. New York. Daryaee, T. 2010. “‘Ardashir and the Sasanians’ Rise to Power.” Anabasis: Studia Classica et Orientalia 1: 236–255. Schmitt, R. 1979. „Artaxerxes, Ardašīr und Verwandte.“ Incontri Linguistici 5: 61–72. Schwartz, M. 1996. “*Sasm, Sesen, St. Sisinnios, Sesengen Barpharangēs, and... ‘Semanglof’.” Bulletin of the Asia Institute New Series 10: 253–257. Schwartz, M. 1998. “Sesen: a Durable East Mediterranean God in Iran.” In: N. Sims-Williams (ed.), Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies held in Cambridge, 11th to 15th September 1995, Part 1, ‘Old and Middle Iranian Studies’. Wiesbaden, 9–13. Online Reference: Finkel, I.L., Spek, R.J. van der and Pirngruber, R. (eds.). 2020. Chronographic Texts from the Hellenistic Period. BCHP 4. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource WANG Fan Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Ardashir I Type The nature or genre of the resource person https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/ef51915a86e4f7351f1cf1ea325f585c.jpg c1cce39a292dd402fade6bd1d9165a5e https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/975cbf1a6369cce939a467d56e7add0b.jpg 3858f6e70bf6ead5fba5c4be2ff43dea https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/0f3ec7f5965d1eea41aa7b03b6995f02.jpg 0f127b4a27b746853bac088eeff6b662 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rise of the Sassanids Subject The topic of the resource Rise of the Sassanids Language A language of the resource English Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wang, Fan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Wang, Fan Schellen, Thomas Galinski, Lara Coins Mint/Region: Mint A (Stakhr), Persis(Province / Vassal State) Date: 205/6–223/4 CE Metal/Denomination: AV/AR/AE AR, hemidrachm Weight/Diameter/Die-Axis: XX g / YY mm / ZZ h 1.70g / 18 mm / 2 h Obverse: „description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX) Bearded; Ardashir, head, frontal view, wearing diadem and Parthian-style tiara; with pellet-in-crescent Legend: BGY 'RTHŠTR MLKA (Pahlavi, translation: The divine Ardaxir, king) Reverse: „description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX) Bearded head of Pabak to left Legend: BRE BGY P'PKY MLKA (Pahlawi, translation: son of the divinity Papak, king) Reference Catalogue/Link: Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum, Vol. I Ardashir I Type I(1)/1(1). Online Reference: Coins accessed under <a href="https://www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1831802&AucID=4248&Lot=1675&Val=f20b80997b150e5ce5859fd251cf22b0"> Coinarchives</a> (15.10.2021). Coins accessed under <a href="https://leunumismatik.com/en/lot/26/1675/%5B26%5D"> leunumismatik.com</a> (15.10.2021). Ruler/Minting Authority: Ardashir I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Early Patch of the Coinage from the Reign of Ardashir I as King of Persis Subject The topic of the resource Ardashir I's coin during this kingship of Persis, most likely before his victorious war against the last Partian Great King Artabanus IV Description An account of the resource The first minting phase of Ardashir began with his cononation as king of Fars after his bother Shapur, the originally designated king of Fars, died in a collapsing building (Bosworth 1999, 8). According to the interpretation from Altheim-Stiehl 1978, an unnamed era of the Sassanian reign, documented in an inscription for Shapur I in Bishapur (Relief 5), started in the year 205/206 CE. This phase ended with Ardashir’s victory over Artabanus IV at the battle of Hormizdagan, which, according to Tabari, is supposed to have taken place in 223/224 CE. Differing from later Sassanian issues, the frontal protrait of a king can be traced back to Vonones II in ca. 51 CE, known as Sellwood type 67.1. The cap-like crown from the obverse and reverse is of Arsacid origin, but also has long been part of the regalia of the Shah of Fars (SNS II.A.1.1.a). The legend on both sides also follows the Arsacid precedence, naming Papag the king as BGY 'RD'ŠIR MLKA. The honorary title BGY means ‘god’ or ‘majesty’. The legend on the reverse explicitly describes Ardashir as ‘son of the god Papag, the King’. This type of coin is thought to have been minted in Stakhr, i.e. Mint A, which has served as the main mint for the king of Fars for centuries. The principal denomination remains as drachms with 2 auxiliary denominations found so far, 1/2 drachms and 1/6 dramchs. Coinage produced during this phase has a reduced fineness (of silver, ca. 61% to the Arsacid coins). Reference Bosworth, C. E. (trans.). 1999. The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen. Albany, New York. Gariboldi, A. 2017. Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Tajikistan - Sasanian Coins and Their Imitations from Sogdiana and Toachristan. Volume I. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaft, I.1(21ff); II.A.1.1.a(93f), 1.2.a(103ff); II.A.3(153ff); III.A(292f). Altheim-Stiehl, R. 1978. „Das früheste Datum der sassanidischen Geschichte, vermittelt durch die Zeitangabe der mittelperisch-partischen Inschrift aus Bišapur.“ Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 11: 113–116. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource WANG Fan Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Early patch of coinage of Ardashir I Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 205/6–223/4 CE Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CoinArchives, ancient coin auction, from Leu Numismatik AG - Web Auction 16, 22 May 2021, Lot 1675. Coins accessed under <a href="https://www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1831802&AucID=4248&Lot=1675&Val=f20b80997b150e5ce5859fd251cf22b0"> Coinarchives</a> (15.10.2021). Coins accessed under <a href="https://leunumismatik.com/en/lot/26/1675/%5B26%5D"> leunumismatik.com</a> (15.10.2021). https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/40c6bf3fb50c9b88f6e52d6134e20a0b.jpg be2425914690c755c27af472ac898f8d https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/b693630d6f4bf2c7acfee41068658edf.jpg ff787f4f0e527297ec946b94a335a968 https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/ce4a9b438e606cd40355c957c4133ea3.jpg 99a9b7bb6e1424c10c8868e51a20f1be Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rise of the Sassanids Subject The topic of the resource Rise of the Sassanids Language A language of the resource English Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wang, Fan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Wang, Fan Schellen, Thomas Galinski, Lara Coins Ruler/Minting Authority: Ardashir I Mint/Region: Mint C (Ctesiphon) Date: 226/7–240 CE Metal/Denomination: AV/AR/AE AR, Hemidrachm Weight/Diameter/Die-Axis: XX g / YY mm / ZZ h 2.0 g / 19 mm / 3 h Obverse: „description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX) bearded; draped bust of Ardashir I to right, wearing a diadem and close-fitting headdress with korymbos and no earflaps Legend: mzdysn bgy 'rthštr MRKAn MRKA 'yr'n mnw ctry MN yzd'n (Pahlawi, translation: Worshipper of Lord Mazda, 'God' Ardashir, King of Kings of Iran who has lineage from the Gods) Reverse: „description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX) fire altar with diadems Legend: NWRA ZY 'rthštr (Pahlawi, translation: Fire of Ardashir) Reference Catalogue/Link: Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum vol.I, Ardashirr I, Type IIIa(4a)/3a(2b)15, 215. Online Reference: Coins accessed under <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1831800&AucID=4248&Lot=1673&Val=a1cc835092b3f332fc256b2c1b2449cf%E2%80%9D">coinarchives.com</a> (15.10.2021). Coins accessed under <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//leunumismatik.com/en/lot/26/1673/%5B26%5D%E2%80%9D">leunumismatik.com</a> (15.10.2021). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coin of Ardashir as King of Kings Subject The topic of the resource Coin of Ardashir, during the interim period between 226 and 240 CE Description An account of the resource In 223/224 CE, Ardashir I gained victory over Artabanus in the Battle of Hormizdagan (Bosworth 1999, 14) and proclaimed himself King of Kings while still on the battlefield (Bosworth 1999, 15). Later, in 226/227 CE (Bosworth 1999, 409ff., N.B. 411; c.f. also Aleim-Stiehl 1978, 115; Felix 1985, 26 and Richter-Bernburg 1993, 72ff.), he conquered Ctesiphon (Bosworth 1999, 14), where he could possibly hold a more formal coronation, although no chroniclers state anything about that. The rise of Ardashir had been completed at this stage, with his title changed from ‘God Ardashir, the King’ to ‘God Ardashir, the King of Iran’ to the final version of ‘King of Kings of Iran’, which is shown in the legend on the obverse of this coin. The fire altar resonates with Ardashir’s policy on religion, a total revitalization of Zoroastrianism, which also responses to the newly added word ‘Iran’ (or ‘Ayran’) in the obverse legend as a method of ‘invention of tradition’ from a mythical past. The diadem, which is mounted by a sun, probably stands for the blessing from Ahura Mazda, just like the propagandistic relief of <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/66">Naqš-i Rustam</a> shows, in which the throne of the house of Sassan is portrayed with <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/63">the investment of Ahura Mazda</a>. The private fire altar on the reverse strengthened this religious tie between Ardashir and Ahura Mazda, and somewhat reflects Ardashir’s preference, coordinated with the legend on the obverse, on religion over other mundane affairs, whereafter the icon of the fire altar has become a standardized image for reverses of Sassanian coinages. Reference: Bosworth, C. E. (trans.). 1999. The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen. Albany, New York. Gariboldi, A. 2017. Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Tajikistan - Sasanian Coins and Their Imitations from Sogdiana and Toachristan, Volume I. Wien. Felix, W. 1985. Antike Litrarische Quellen zur Außenpolitik des Sasanidenstaates I. Wien, 224–309. Richter-Bernburg, L. 1993. “Mani’s Dodecads and Sassanian Chronology: Kephalaia; Shapuragan, and Codes Manichaicus Coloniensis.” Zeitschrift für Papyrogie und Epigrafik 95: 71–80. Taqizadeh, S.H. 1943–1946. “The Early Sasanians. Some Chronological Points which Call for Revision.” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 11: 20f. Taqizadeh, S.H. and Henning, W.B. 1958. “The Date of Mani's Life.” Asian Major 4: 108f. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource WANG Fan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 223/4–240 CE Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CoinArchives, ancient coin auction, originally from Leu Numismatik AG - Web Auction 16, 22 May 2021, Lot 1673. Coins accessed under <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1831800&AucID=4248&Lot=1673&Val=a1cc835092b3f332fc256b2c1b2449cf%E2%80%9D">coinarchives.com</a> (15.10.2021). Coins accessed under <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//leunumismatik.com/en/lot/26/1673/%5B26%5D%E2%80%9D">leunumismatik.com</a> (15.10.2021). Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource coin Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource coin Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Coin of Ardashir, the interim period between 226 CE and 240CE https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/74f25a9f445f3f58e5ec470baf586e91.jpg d48fd953a58e6853dfbc70ed807606c6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource manuscript of the Naturalis Historia in Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, 15th century Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Photo: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pliny_the_Elder,_Natural_History,_Florence,_Plut._82.4.jpg">Pliny the Elder</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parthia‘s Geography, Climate, and Infrastructure from Western and Eastern Perspective Literary Sources Author: Gaius Plinius Secundus | Pliny the Elder Work: Naturalis Historia Location: Roman Italy, Roman Empire Date: late 1st c. CE Original Text: Namque is Mediam et Parthiam et Persidem ab oriente Indo, ab occidente Tigri, a septentrione Tauro Caucasio, a meridie Rubro mari terminatas patere in longitudinem XIII·XX p., in latitudinem DCCCXL prodidit [...] Translation: [...] Media, Parthia and Persis border on the Indus in the East, the Tigris in the West, the Caucasus in the North, and the Red Sea* in the South and are 1320 miles in length and 840 [miles] in width [...] *=Persian Gulf Edition/Translation: Hackl, U. et al. (eds.). 2010. Quellen zur Geschichte des Partherreiches Vol. 2. NTOA 83. Göttingen. C. Plinius Secundus d.Ä., Naturkunde Vol. 6 [liber VI]. Zürich & Düsseldorf. English translation Veit Erik Brandt Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Plin. HN 6,137 Subject The topic of the resource The expanse of the Parthian Empire. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Veit Erik Brandt Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource late 1st c. CE Language A language of the resource Latin Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Photo: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pliny_the_Elder,_Natural_History,_Florence,_Plut._82.4.jpg">Pliny the Elder</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Literary Sources Author: Diodorus Siculus | Diodorus of Sicily Date: 1st c. BCE Translation: King Arsaces [VI.]*, by pursuing a set policy of clemency and humanity, won an automatic stream of advantages and further enlarged his kingdom. For he extended his power even to India, and without a battle brought under his sway the region once ruled by Porus. But, though raised to such heights of royal power, he did not cultivate luxury or arrogance, the usual accompaniments of power, but prided himself on the exercise of equity towards those who accepted his rule and courage towards those who opposed him. In short, having made himself master over many peoples, he taught the Parthians the best of the customs practised by each. *=Mithridates I. Edition/Translation: Walton, F. R. (ed. and trans.). 1984. Diodorus of Sicily Vol. 12 [libri XXXIII-XL]. London. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Diod. Sic. 33,18. Subject The topic of the resource The expanse of the Parthian Empire under Mithridates I. (/Arsaces VI.) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Veit Erik Brandt Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1st c. BCE Language A language of the resource Greek Literary Sources Author: Diodorus Siculus | Diodorus of Sicily Date: 1st c. BCE Translation: His friends pleaded with Antiochus not to join battle with the far more numerous Parthians hordes, since they, by taking refuge in the mountainous country that overlooked them, with its rough terrain, could neutralize the threat of his cavalry. […] Edition/Translation: Walton, F. R. (ed. and trans.). 1984. Diodorus of Sicily Vol. 12 [libri XXXIII-XL]. London. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Diod. Sic. 34,16. Subject The topic of the resource The Topography of the Parthian Empire. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Veit Erik Brandt Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1st c. BCE Language A language of the resource Greek Literary Sources Author: Strabo Work: Geographica Date: early 1st c. CE Translation: Apart from its small size [Parthia] is also covered by forests, mountainous and unproductive [in agriculture], so that kings hurry their hosts through this land, as it cannot even sustain them for a short time. But now it is enlarged; the Komisene and Chorene are parts of Parthia, as well as the regions reaching to the Porta Caspia, to Rhagae and the Tapyrians*, which belonged to Media in the past. From the Porta Caspia to Rhagae is 500 stadia [...] and to Hekatompylos, the royal residency of the Parthians, [there are] 1.260. * people at the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Potentially = Tocharians Edition/Translation: Hackl, U. et al. (eds.). 2010. Quellen zur Geschichte des Partherreiches 2. NTOA 83. Göttingen. Roller, D. W. (ed. and trans.). 2014. Strabo, Geographica. Cambridge. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Str. 2,9,1. Subject The topic of the resource The western expanse of the Parthian Empire. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Veit Erik Brandt Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource early 1st c. CE Language A language of the resource Greek https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/3ee3177d688cdfca2461bec5faf58371.jpg 57d65627e22746146a440ba1b800f311 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource European trader at the Silkroad Subject The topic of the resource A trader from an Asian perspective Description An account of the resource The statue shows a European trader on the Silk Road. It is 52 cm high and made of terracotta. The fact that it was made in China suggests that the statue shows a trader from an Asian perspective. From this, conclusions can be drawn about how European traders were viewed in China and generally along the Silk Road. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lotta Hoffmann Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Wikimedia Commons Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 7. century CE Type The nature or genre of the resource Statue https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/7570a55fd7c4cf1a188f3a15c5d67f22.jpg 5d5e60733cf16a51a4326c6f1cdc653a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8%EF%BC%88%E5%AE%8B%E7%B4%B9%E8%88%88%EF%BC%89.jpg">范曄 (Fan Ye, 398–445)</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Literary Sources Author: Fanye Work: Hou Hanshu Location: Liu Song Dynasty Date: 5th CE Original Text: 1. 安息国居和椟城，去洛阳二万五千里。北与康居接，南与乌戈山离接。地方数千里，小城数百，户口胜兵最为殷盛。其东界木鹿越，号为小安息，去洛阳二万里。 2. 章帝章和元年，遣使献师子、符拔。符拔形似麟而无角。和帝永元九年，都护班超遣甘英使大秦，抵条支。临大海欲度，而安息西界船人谓英曰：“海水广大，往来者逢善风三月乃得度，若遇迟风，亦有二岁者，故入海人皆赍三岁粮。海中善使人思土恋慕，数有死亡者。”英闻之乃止。十三年，安息王满屈复献师子及条支大鸟，时谓之安息雀。 3. 自安息西行三千四百里至阿蛮国。从阿蛮西行三千六百里至斯宾国。从斯宾南行度河，又西南至于罗国九百六十里，安息西界极矣。自此南乘海，乃通大秦。其土多海西珍奇异物焉。 4. 三年，班超遂定西域，因以超为都护，居龟兹。复置戊己校尉，领兵五百人，居车师前部高昌壁，又置戊部候，居车师后部候城，相去五百里。六年，班超复击破焉耆，于是五十馀国悉纳质内属。其条支、安息诸国至于海濒四万里外，皆重译贡献。 5. 其人民皆长大平正，有类中国，故谓之大秦......与安息、天竺交市于海中，利有十倍。 Translation: 1. The main centre of the Kingdom of Anxi [Parthia] is the town of Hedu [Hekatompylos]. It is 25,000 li [10,395 km] from Luoyang. To the north, it borders Kangju [the Talas basin, Tashkent and Sogdiana], and joins Wuyishanli [Arachosia and Drangiana] to the south. It is several thousand li across. There are several hundred small towns. The households, people, and men able to bear arms are extremely numerous. On its eastern frontier is the town of Mulu [Merv], which is also called Little Anxi, and is 20,000 li [8,316 km] from Luoyang. 2. In the first Zhang He year [87 CE], during the reign of Emperor Zhang, this kingdom sent an envoy to offer lions and fuba [Persian gazelle]. The FuBa looks like a female unicorn but it has no horn. In the ninth Yong Yuan year [97 CE], during the reign of Emperor He, the Protector General Ban Chao sent Gan Ying to Da Qin [the Roman Empire]. He reached Tiaozhi [Characene and Susiana] next to a large sea. He wanted to cross it, but the sailors of the western frontier of Anxi [Parthia] said to him: “The ocean is huge. Those making the round trip can do it in three months if the winds are favourable. However, if you encounter winds that delay you, it can take two years. That is why all the men who go by sea take stores for three years. The vast ocean urges men to think of their country, and get homesick, and some of them die.” When [Gan] Ying heard this, he discontinued (his trip). In the thirteenth year [101 CE], the king of Anxi [Parthia] named ManQu [= Manchihr I of Persis] again offered lions, and some of the giant birds of Tiaozhi [Characene and Susiana], which people call ‘Anxi birds’ [ostriches]. 3. From [the eastern frontier of] Anxi [Indo-Parthia], if you travel 3,400 li [1,414 km] west, you reach the kingdom of Aman (or Alüan) [Herat]. Leaving Aman and travelling west 3,600 li [1,497 km], you reach the kingdom of Sibin [Susa]. Leaving Sibin [Susa] and travelling south you cross a river, then going southwest, you reach the kingdom of Yuluo [Charax Spasinou] after 960 li [399 km]. This is the extreme western frontier of Anxi [Parthia]. Leaving there, and heading south, you embark on the sea and then reach Da Qin [Roman territory]. In these territories, there are many precious and marvellous things from Haixi [‘West of the Sea’ = Egypt]. 4. In the third year [91 CE], Ban Chao finally succeeded in pacifying the Western Regions. Ban Chao was then given the title of Protector General and stationed at Qiuci [Kucha]. A Wuji Colonel was re-established and, commanding five hundred soldiers, was stationed in the Kingdom of Nearer Jushi, within the walls of Gaochang [Kharakhoja – 70 li or 29 km southeast of Turfan]. In addition, a Wu Troop Captain was established and stationed in Further Jushi [Jimasa]. The Captain and the town were 500 li [208 km] from the town [of Gaochang]. In the sixth year [94 CE], Ban Chao again attacked and defeated Yanqi [Karashahr]. Following this, more than fifty kingdoms presented hostages, and submitted to the Interior [China]. Kingdoms such as Tiaozhi [Characene and Susiana], Anxi [Parthia], and all the kingdoms as far as the shores of the sea more than 40,000 li [16,632 km] away offered tribute, using several successive interpreters to communicate. 5. The people of this country are all tall and honest. They resemble the people of the Middle Kingdom and that is why this kingdom is called Da Qin [or ‘Great China’]... They trade with Anxi [Parthia] and Tianzhu [Northwestern India] by sea. The profit margin is ten to one. Edition/Translation: The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu The Xiyu juan “Chapter on the Western Regions” Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parthia in Hou Hanshu Subject The topic of the resource The contact between Parthia and China Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Zhang Dong Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 范晔, 《后汉书》，北京：中华书局，2014 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5th CE. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Photo: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8%EF%BC%88%E5%AE%8B%E7%B4%B9%E8%88%88%EF%BC%89.jpg">范曄 (Fan Ye, 398–445)</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Relation A related resource English translation: <a href="https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html">The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu The Xiyu juan “Chapter on the Western Regions”</a> Language A language of the resource Ancient Chinese; English (translation) Type The nature or genre of the resource literary sources Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available 中华书局 Description An account of the resource There are many similar contents in Hou Hanshu and <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/56">Shiji</a> or <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/65">Hanshu</a>, but after <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/210">Zhang Qian</a> went to Western regions, as many people were able to go out of China on private or official business, the records of relations with western regions became more specific, especially after Banchao conquered many western countries. The part of new descpritions of Hou Hanshu wrote by Fanye derived from it. first contact Hou Hanshu Parthia https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/b48b015d6a19015e969bbca6d946b424.jpg 123e30bffe594825dbc0f8d0ebf8532d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Photo: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ZhangQianTravels.jpg">PHG</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Subject The topic of the resource Zhang Qian leaving emperor Han Wudi around 130 BCE, for his expedition to Central Asia. Mural in Cave 323, Mogao Caves, high Tang Dynasty, circa 8th century CE. Cf. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ZhangQianTravels.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a> Literary Sources Original Text: 是时天子问匈奴降者，皆言匈奴破月氏王，以其头为饮器，月氏遁逃而常怨仇匈奴，无与共击之。汉方欲事灭胡，闻此言，因欲通使。道必更匈奴中，乃募能使者。骞以郎应募，使月氏。天子既闻大宛及大夏、安息之属皆大国，多奇物，土著，颇与中国同业，而兵弱，贵汉财物；其北有大月氏、康居之属，兵强，可以赂遗设利朝也。且诚得而以义属之，则广地万里，重九译，致殊俗，威德遍于四海。天子欣然，以骞言为然，乃令骞因蜀犍为发间使，四道并出。 Translation: At this time the emperor questioned various Xiongnu who had surrendered to the Han and they all reported that the Xiongnu had defeated the king of the Yuezhi people (Indo-scythians) and made his skull into a drinking vessel. As a result the Yuezhi had fled and bore a constant grudge against the Xiongnu, though as yet they had been unable to find anyone to join them in an attack on their enemy. The Han at this time was engaged in a concert effort to destroy the Xiongnu, and therefore, when the emperor heard this, he decide to try to send an envy to establish relation with Yuezhi. To search them, however, an envoy would inevitably have to pass through Xiongnu territory... Zhang Qian, who was a palace attendant at the time, answered the summons and was appointed as envoy to the Yuezhi. Thus the emperor leamed of Dayuan, Daxia, Anxi, and the others, all great states rich in unusual products whose people cultivated the land and made their living in much the same way as the Chinese. All these states, he was told, were militarily weak and prized Han goods and wealth. He also learned that to the north of them lived the Yuezhi and Kangju people who were strong in arms but who could be persuaded by gifts and the prospect of gain to acknowledge allegiance to the Han court. If it were only possible to win over these states by peaceful means, the emperor thought, he could then extend his domain 10,000 li, attract to his court men of strange customs who would come translating and retranslating their languages, and his might would become known to all the lands within the four seas, The emperor was therefore delighted,and approved Zhang Qian's suggestion. He ordered Zhang Qian to start out from Jianwei in Shu on a secret mission to search for Daxia. Author: SiMa Qian Work: [西汉] 司马迁：《史记》，北京：中华书局，2014年。 Date: Han dynasty Edition/Translation: English translation: Burton Watson, Record of The Grand History: Han Dynasty II Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Analysis for <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/210">Zhang Qian</a> as an imperial envoy to the world outside of China Subject The topic of the resource The main reason of going outside of China recorded in the <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/56">Shiji</a> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ZhangDong Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived 1. Sima Qian, ShiJi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available 1. 中华书局 2. Columbia University Press 1. “Ⅰ. ①史…　Ⅱ. ①司…②李…　Ⅲ. ①中国历史－古代史－纪传体　Ⅳ. ①K204.2 中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（2016）第147963号” 2. 1961 Columbia University Press Revised Edition ⑧ 1993 Columbia University Press All Rights Reserved.ISBN 0-231-08166-9 ISBN O-231-08167-7 (pbk.)Library of Congress Number 92-210621 Published by The Research Centre for Translation The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Columbia University Press Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 94 BCE Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Photo: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ZhangQianTravels.jpg">PHG</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons Language A language of the resource Ancient Chinese; English (translation) Type The nature or genre of the resource literary sources Description An account of the resource The Han Dynasty sent <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/210">Zhang Qian</a> and others as envoys to the West because they wanted to solve the border problem with the Xiongnu. This is also considered by many scholars to be the main reason for Zhang Qian to go out into the Western Regions. reason western religions Zhangqian