1
10
19
-
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/9635eb054f2b02d29e4113967ccf79b6.png
3bed73bdd3399d4601f612924471daf5
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Army and Navy positioning under the rule of Hadrian, 125 CE
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Felix Wójcik
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<b>Map</b> accessed under <a>Wikimedia</a> (30.10.2021).
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
CC BY - SA, Andrei N.
Description
An account of the resource
The correctness of the entries on the map are attested by Fanum 2005, 15-31; Pitassi 2009, 249; 281.
<p>Reference:</p>
<br /><b>Farnum, J. H. 2005.</b>
<br /><i>The Positioning of the Roman Imperial Legions.</i> British archaeological reports / International series 1458. Oxford.
<br /><b>Pitassi, M. 2009.</b>
<br /><i>The Navies of Rome.</i> Woodbridge.
-
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/3ee3177d688cdfca2461bec5faf58371.jpg
57d65627e22746146a440ba1b800f311
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
European trader at the Silkroad
Subject
The topic of the resource
A trader from an Asian perspective
Description
An account of the resource
The statue shows a European trader on the Silk Road. It is 52 cm high and made of terracotta. The fact that it was made in China suggests that the statue shows a trader from an Asian perspective. From this, conclusions can be drawn about how European traders were viewed in China and generally along the Silk Road.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Lotta Hoffmann
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Wikimedia Commons
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
7. century CE
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Statue
-
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/74f25a9f445f3f58e5ec470baf586e91.jpg
d48fd953a58e6853dfbc70ed807606c6
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Description
An account of the resource
manuscript of the Naturalis Historia in Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, 15th century
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Photo: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pliny_the_Elder,_Natural_History,_Florence,_Plut._82.4.jpg">Pliny the Elder</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Parthia‘s Geography, Climate, and Infrastructure from Western and Eastern Perspective
Literary Sources
Author:
Gaius Plinius Secundus | Pliny the Elder
Work:
Naturalis Historia
Location:
Roman Italy, Roman Empire
Date:
late 1st c. CE
Original Text:
Namque is Mediam et Parthiam et Persidem ab oriente Indo, ab occidente Tigri, a septentrione Tauro Caucasio, a meridie Rubro mari terminatas patere in longitudinem XIII·XX p., in latitudinem DCCCXL prodidit [...]
Translation:
[...] Media, Parthia and Persis border on the Indus in the East, the Tigris in the West, the Caucasus in the North, and the Red Sea* in the South and are 1320 miles in length and 840 [miles] in width [...]
*=Persian Gulf
Edition/Translation:
<br /><b>Hackl, U. et al. (eds.). 2010.</b>
<br /><i>Quellen zur Geschichte des Partherreiches Vol. 2.</i> NTOA 83. Göttingen.
<p></p>
<br /><i>C. Plinius Secundus d.Ä., Naturkunde Vol. 6 [liber VI].</i> Zürich & Düsseldorf.
<br />English translation Veit Erik Brandt
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Plin. HN 6,137
Subject
The topic of the resource
The expanse of the Parthian Empire.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Veit Erik Brandt
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
late 1st c. CE
Language
A language of the resource
Latin
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Photo: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pliny_the_Elder,_Natural_History,_Florence,_Plut._82.4.jpg">Pliny the Elder</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
-
Literary Sources
Author:
Diodorus Siculus | Diodorus of Sicily
Date:
1st c. BCE
Translation:
King Arsaces [VI.]*, by pursuing a set policy of clemency and humanity, won an automatic stream of advantages and further enlarged his kingdom. For he extended his power even to India, and without a battle brought under his sway the region once ruled by Porus. But, though raised to such heights of royal power, he did not cultivate luxury or arrogance, the usual accompaniments of power, but prided himself on the exercise of equity towards those who accepted his rule and courage towards those who opposed him. In short, having made himself master over many peoples, he taught the Parthians the best of the customs practised by each.
*=Mithridates I.
Edition/Translation:
<br /><b>Walton, F. R. (ed. and trans.). 1984.</b>
<br /><i>Diodorus of Sicily Vol. 12 [libri XXXIII-XL].</i> London.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Diod. Sic. 33,18.
Subject
The topic of the resource
The expanse of the Parthian Empire under Mithridates I. (/Arsaces VI.)
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Veit Erik Brandt
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1st c. BCE
Language
A language of the resource
Greek
-
Literary Sources
Author:
Diodorus Siculus | Diodorus of Sicily
Date:
1st c. BCE
Translation:
His friends pleaded with Antiochus not to join battle with the far more numerous Parthians hordes, since they, by taking refuge in the mountainous country that overlooked them, with its rough terrain, could neutralize the threat of his cavalry. […]
Edition/Translation:
<br /><b>Walton, F. R. (ed. and trans.). 1984.</b>
<br /><i>Diodorus of Sicily Vol. 12 [libri XXXIII-XL].</i> London.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Diod. Sic. 34,16.
Subject
The topic of the resource
The Topography of the Parthian Empire.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Veit Erik Brandt
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1st c. BCE
Language
A language of the resource
Greek
-
Literary Sources
Author:
Strabo
Work:
Geographica
Date:
early 1st c. CE
Translation:
Apart from its small size [Parthia] is also covered by forests, mountainous and unproductive [in agriculture], so that kings hurry their hosts through this land, as it cannot even sustain them for a short time. But now it is enlarged; the Komisene and Chorene are parts of Parthia, as well as the regions reaching to the Porta Caspia, to Rhagae and the Tapyrians*, which belonged to Media in the past. From the Porta Caspia to Rhagae is 500 stadia [...] and to Hekatompylos, the royal residency of the Parthians, [there are] 1.260.
* people at the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Potentially = Tocharians
Edition/Translation:
<br /><b>Hackl, U. et al. (eds.). 2010.</b>
<br /><i>Quellen zur Geschichte des Partherreiches 2.</i> NTOA 83. Göttingen.
<br /><b>Roller, D. W. (ed. and trans.). 2014.</b>
<br /><i>Strabo, Geographica.</i> Cambridge.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Str. 2,9,1.
Subject
The topic of the resource
The western expanse of the Parthian Empire.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Veit Erik Brandt
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
early 1st c. CE
Language
A language of the resource
Greek
-
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/f1c52cdf9ddb50df8b85bbe286ee9f3b.png
ea5965d5d8e1ddb0645850068be64b94
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pliny_the_Elder,_Natural_History,_Florence,_Plut._82.4.jpg">Pliny the Elder</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Description
An account of the resource
manuscript of the Naturalis Historia in Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, 15th century
Literary Sources
Author:
Gaius Plinius Secundus | Pliny the Elder
Work:
Naturalis Historia
Location:
Roman Italy, Roman Empire
Date:
late 1st c. CE
Original Text:
Regna Parthorum duodeviginti sunt omnia; ita enim dividunt provincias circa duo, ut diximus, maria, Rubrum a meridie, Hyrcanium a septentrione. ex his XI, quae superiora dicuntur, incipiunt a confinio Armeniae Caspiisque litoribus, pertinent ad Scythas, cum quibus ex aequo degunt; reliqua VII regna inferiora appellantur. quod ad Parthos attinet, semper fuit Parthyae in radicibus montium seapius dictorum, qui omnes eas gentes praetextunt.
Translation:
The Parthians possess in all eighteen kingdoms, such being the divisions of their provinces on the coasts of two seas, as we have stated, the Red Sea on the south, and the Caspian Sea on the north. Of these provinces the eleven designated the 'Upper Kingdoms' begin at the frontiers of Armenia and the shores of the Caspian, and extend to the Scythians, with whom the Parthians live on terms of equality. The remaining seven kingdoms are called the 'Lower Kingdoms'. In regards to the Parthians, Parthia has always been seated at the foot of said mountains*, which surround all of these peoples.
*= Caucasus
Edition/Translation:
<br /><b>Brosius, M. 2006.</b>
<br /><i>The Persians. An introduction.</i> Peoples of the Ancient World 1. Abington.
<br /><b>Brodersen, K. (ed. and trans.). 1996.</b>
<br /><i>C. Plinius Secundus d.Ä., Naturkunde 6 [liber VI].</i> Zürich & Düsseldorf.
Online Reference:
<b>Manuscript of Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia, Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Inv.-Nr. Plut. 82.4, fol. 3r.</b> accessed under <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pliny_the_Elder,_Natural_History,_Florence,_Plut._82.4.jpg">Wikimedia</a> (30.01.2021).
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Plin. HN 6,122
Subject
The topic of the resource
Kingdoms of the Parthian Empire
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Veit Erik Brandt
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
late 1st c. CE
Language
A language of the resource
Latin
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pliny_the_Elder,_Natural_History,_Florence,_Plut._82.4.jpg">Pliny the Elder</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
-
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/28739efc762f078a2e3b1630e2572cd8.jpg
ed46a2f84450e2940db079e0b6cce890
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Rise of the Sassanids
Subject
The topic of the resource
Rise of the Sassanids
Language
A language of the resource
English
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Wang, Fan
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Wang, Fan
Schellen, Thomas
Galinski, Lara
Person
An individual.
Birth Date
180 CE
Death Date
240 CE
Occupation
satrap of Province Persis, King of Persis, founder of the Sassanian Empire, King of Kings of Persia
Biographical Text
<br /><b>Wiesehöfer, J. 1986.</b>
<br />“ARDAŠĪR I i. History.” <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i> 2/4: 371-376, accesed under <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ardasir-i">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ardasir-i</a> (15.10.2021).
Birthplace
Ṭīrūda, a village in the district of Ḵīr and subdistrict of Eṣṭaḵr
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
The Origin of Ardashir I, Founder of the Sassanian Empire
Subject
The topic of the resource
Phonetic deciphering of the spelling of the name of Ardashir I and different stories about his bloodline
Description
An account of the resource
<p>Ardashir I or Ardeshir I (Ardašire Bâbakân) was the founding father of the Sassanian Empire (224/226–651 CE) and also known as Ardashir the Unifier (180– 242 CE). Some texts call him Artaxerxes, surely pointing to the Persian continuity of rule. The different spellings of his name are due to the development of the Iranian languages, from the Old Persian ‘*Ṛtaxšira’ to Middle Persian (namely Pahlavi)’ ʾrthštr’, which makes him Artaxerxes V in the succession of Persian Shah (the Shah of Persis/Persia/Fars), after the Achaemenid Shah (Shahanshah) Artaxerxes IV; or Artaxerxes VI, if we consider Bessus, the famous Persian satrap of Bactria who killed Darius III while fleeing and probably assumed the crown name Artaxerxes, as the Artaxerxes mentioned in the ‘Alexander and Artaxerxes Fragment’ of the Babylonian Chronicles. The father of Ardashir I, according to Kârnâmag î Ardashîr î Babagân, was Sassan, a descendant from Dārā, i.e., the Achaemenid King Darius III. Ardashir’s mother was the daughter of Babag (Papag), the Parthian satrap of Persis. However, another Sassanian source, the famous Res Gestae Divi Saporis (<a href="http://parthiansources.com/texts/skz/">ŠKZ</a>) (<a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kaba-ye-zardost">KAʿBA-YE ZARDOŠT</a>), identifies Babag as the grandfather of Shapur I and father of Ardashir in the very first paragraph. A later account provides a third version of the lineage of Ardashir: In Al-Tabari’s (839–923 CE) History of the Prophets and Kings (Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk, commonly called Tarikh al-Tabari), Sassan was the custodian of the temple of the Fire of Anāhitā (Bayt nār Nāhīḏ) at Eṣṭaḵr, who married Rāmbehešt, a descendant or princess of the Bāzarangid family, who gave birth to Babag who fathered Ardashir (Bosworth 1999, 4). A modern reconstruction, based on the studies of ancient religion and theological figures, has been proposed by Touraj Daryaee in 2010. It was the fourth version of Ardashir's lineage, where Babag is thought to be the father of Ardashir, whose mother was the daughter of Sassan (Daryaee 2010, 241). Martin Schwartz provides another description of ‘Sasan’, which can be traced back to a goddess ‘from the middle of 2nd millennium BCE’ in Ugarit (Schwartz 1996, 253.b–254.a). For now, it is known that Ardashir I has been described as a descendant of a royal lineage of the Achaemenid House or as having had some blood from some obscure celestial being as far as his propaganda goes. I.e., he presented himself as the descendant of Achaemenid lineage, from Darius III to be exact, or he propagated the idea that he was affiliated with Ahura Mazda and thus rightfully enthroned by the God Supreme himself, just as the relief from <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/66">Naqš-i Rustam</a> shows. </p>
<p>Reference:</p>
<br /><b>Bosworth, C. E. 1999.</b>
<br /><i>The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen.</i> Albany, New York.
<br /><b>Daryaee, T. 2009.</b>
<br /><i>Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire.</i> New York.
<br /><b>Daryaee, T. 2010. </b>
<br />“‘Ardashir and the Sasanians’ Rise to Power.” <i>Anabasis: Studia Classica et Orientalia</i> 1: 236–255.
<br /><b>Schmitt, R. 1979.</b>
<br />„Artaxerxes, Ardašīr und Verwandte.“ <i>Incontri Linguistici</i> 5: 61–72.
<br /><b>Schwartz, M. 1996.</b>
<br />“*Sasm, Sesen, St. Sisinnios, Sesengen Barpharangēs, and... ‘Semanglof’.” <i>Bulletin of the Asia Institute New Series</i> 10: 253–257.
<br /><b>Schwartz, M. 1998.</b>
<br />“Sesen: a Durable East Mediterranean God in Iran.” In: N. Sims-Williams (ed.), <i>Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies held in Cambridge, 11th to
15th September 1995, Part 1, ‘Old and Middle Iranian Studies’.</i> Wiesbaden, 9–13.
<p></p>
<p>Online Reference:</p>
<br /><b>Finkel, I.L., Spek, R.J. van der and Pirngruber, R. (eds.). 2020.</b>
<br /><i>Chronographic Texts from the Hellenistic Period.</i> BCHP 4.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
WANG Fan
Language
A language of the resource
English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Ardashir I
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
person
-
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/ef51915a86e4f7351f1cf1ea325f585c.jpg
c1cce39a292dd402fade6bd1d9165a5e
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/975cbf1a6369cce939a467d56e7add0b.jpg
3858f6e70bf6ead5fba5c4be2ff43dea
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/0f3ec7f5965d1eea41aa7b03b6995f02.jpg
0f127b4a27b746853bac088eeff6b662
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Rise of the Sassanids
Subject
The topic of the resource
Rise of the Sassanids
Language
A language of the resource
English
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Wang, Fan
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Wang, Fan
Schellen, Thomas
Galinski, Lara
Coins
Mint/Region:
Mint A (Stakhr), Persis(Province / Vassal State)
Date:
205/6–223/4 CE
Metal/Denomination:
AV/AR/AE
AR, hemidrachm
Weight/Diameter/Die-Axis:
XX g / YY mm / ZZ h
1.70g / 18 mm / 2 h
Obverse:
„description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX)
Bearded; Ardashir, head, frontal view, wearing diadem and Parthian-style tiara; with pellet-in-crescent
Legend: BGY 'RTHŠTR MLKA (Pahlavi, translation: The divine Ardaxir, king)
Reverse:
„description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX)
Bearded head of Pabak to left
Legend: BRE BGY P'PKY MLKA (Pahlawi, translation: son of the divinity Papak, king)
Reference Catalogue/Link:
Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum, Vol. I Ardashir I Type I(1)/1(1).
Online Reference:
<br />Coins accessed under <a href="https://www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1831802&AucID=4248&Lot=1675&Val=f20b80997b150e5ce5859fd251cf22b0"> Coinarchives</a> (15.10.2021).
<br />Coins accessed under <a href="https://leunumismatik.com/en/lot/26/1675/%5B26%5D"> leunumismatik.com</a> (15.10.2021).
Ruler/Minting Authority:
Ardashir I
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Early Patch of the Coinage from the Reign of Ardashir I as King of Persis
Subject
The topic of the resource
Ardashir I's coin during this kingship of Persis, most likely before his victorious war against the last Partian Great King Artabanus IV
Description
An account of the resource
The first minting phase of Ardashir began with his cononation as king of Fars after his bother Shapur, the originally designated king of Fars, died in a collapsing building (Bosworth 1999, 8). According to the interpretation from Altheim-Stiehl 1978, an unnamed era of the Sassanian reign, documented in an inscription for Shapur I in Bishapur (Relief 5), started in the year 205/206 CE. This phase ended with Ardashir’s victory over Artabanus IV at the battle of Hormizdagan, which, according to Tabari, is supposed to have taken place in 223/224 CE. Differing from later Sassanian issues, the frontal protrait of a king can be traced back to Vonones II in ca. 51 CE, known as Sellwood type 67.1. The cap-like crown from the obverse and reverse is of Arsacid origin, but also has long been part of the regalia of the Shah of Fars (SNS II.A.1.1.a). The legend on both sides also follows the Arsacid precedence, naming Papag the king as BGY 'RD'ŠIR MLKA. The honorary title BGY means ‘god’ or ‘majesty’. The legend on the reverse explicitly describes Ardashir as ‘son of the god Papag, the King’. This type of coin is thought to have been minted in Stakhr, <i>i.e.</i> Mint A, which has served as the main mint for the king of Fars for centuries. The principal denomination remains as drachms with 2 auxiliary denominations found so far, 1/2 drachms and 1/6 dramchs. Coinage produced during this phase has a reduced fineness (of silver, ca. 61% to the Arsacid coins).<br /><p>Reference</p>
<br /><b>Bosworth, C. E. (trans.). 1999.</b>
<br /><i>The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen.</i> Albany, New York.
<br /><b>Gariboldi, A. 2017.</b>
<br /><i>Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Tajikistan - Sasanian Coins and Their Imitations from Sogdiana and Toachristan. Volume I.</i> Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaft, I.1(21ff); II.A.1.1.a(93f), 1.2.a(103ff); II.A.3(153ff); III.A(292f).
<br /><b>Altheim-Stiehl, R. 1978.</b>
<br />„Das früheste Datum der sassanidischen Geschichte, vermittelt durch die Zeitangabe der mittelperisch-partischen Inschrift aus Bišapur.“ <i>Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran</i> 11: 113–116.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
WANG Fan
Language
A language of the resource
English
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Early patch of coinage of Ardashir I
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
205/6–223/4 CE
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
CoinArchives, ancient coin auction, from Leu Numismatik AG - Web Auction 16, 22 May 2021, Lot 1675.
<br />Coins accessed under <a href="https://www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1831802&AucID=4248&Lot=1675&Val=f20b80997b150e5ce5859fd251cf22b0"> Coinarchives</a> (15.10.2021).
<br />Coins accessed under <a href="https://leunumismatik.com/en/lot/26/1675/%5B26%5D"> leunumismatik.com</a> (15.10.2021).
-
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/40c6bf3fb50c9b88f6e52d6134e20a0b.jpg
be2425914690c755c27af472ac898f8d
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/b693630d6f4bf2c7acfee41068658edf.jpg
ff787f4f0e527297ec946b94a335a968
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/ce4a9b438e606cd40355c957c4133ea3.jpg
99a9b7bb6e1424c10c8868e51a20f1be
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Rise of the Sassanids
Subject
The topic of the resource
Rise of the Sassanids
Language
A language of the resource
English
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Wang, Fan
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Wang, Fan
Schellen, Thomas
Galinski, Lara
Coins
Ruler/Minting Authority:
Ardashir I
Mint/Region:
Mint C (Ctesiphon)
Date:
226/7–240 CE
Metal/Denomination:
AV/AR/AE
AR, Hemidrachm
Weight/Diameter/Die-Axis:
XX g / YY mm / ZZ h
2.0 g / 19 mm / 3 h
Obverse:
„description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX)
bearded; draped bust of Ardashir I to right, wearing a diadem and close-fitting headdress with korymbos and no earflaps <br />Legend: mzdysn bgy 'rthštr MRKAn MRKA 'yr'n mnw ctry MN yzd'n (Pahlawi, translation: Worshipper of Lord Mazda, 'God' Ardashir, King of Kings of Iran who has lineage from the Gods)
Reverse:
„description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX)
fire altar with diadems
Legend: NWRA ZY 'rthštr (Pahlawi, translation: Fire of Ardashir)
Reference Catalogue/Link:
Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum vol.I, Ardashirr I, Type IIIa(4a)/3a(2b)15, 215.
Online Reference:
<br />Coins accessed under <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1831800&AucID=4248&Lot=1673&Val=a1cc835092b3f332fc256b2c1b2449cf%E2%80%9D">coinarchives.com</a> (15.10.2021).
<br />Coins accessed under <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//leunumismatik.com/en/lot/26/1673/%5B26%5D%E2%80%9D">leunumismatik.com</a> (15.10.2021).
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Coin of Ardashir as King of Kings
Subject
The topic of the resource
Coin of Ardashir, during the interim period between 226 and 240 CE
Description
An account of the resource
In 223/224 CE, Ardashir I gained victory over Artabanus in the Battle of Hormizdagan (Bosworth 1999, 14) and proclaimed himself King of Kings while still on the battlefield (Bosworth 1999, 15). Later, in 226/227 CE (Bosworth 1999, 409ff., N.B. 411; c.f. also Aleim-Stiehl 1978, 115; Felix 1985, 26 and Richter-Bernburg 1993, 72ff.), he conquered Ctesiphon (Bosworth 1999, 14), where he could possibly hold a more formal coronation, although no chroniclers state anything about that.<br />
The rise of Ardashir had been completed at this stage, with his title changed from ‘God Ardashir, the King’ to ‘God Ardashir, the King of Iran’ to the final version of ‘King of Kings of Iran’, which is shown in the legend on the obverse of this coin. The fire altar resonates with Ardashir’s policy on religion, a total revitalization of Zoroastrianism, which also responses to the newly added word ‘Iran’ (or ‘Ayran’) in the obverse legend as a method of ‘invention of tradition’ from a mythical past. <br />
The diadem, which is mounted by a sun, probably stands for the blessing from Ahura Mazda, just like the propagandistic relief of <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/66">Naqš-i Rustam</a> shows, in which the throne of the house of Sassan is portrayed with <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/63">the investment of Ahura Mazda</a>. The private fire altar on the reverse strengthened this religious tie between Ardashir and Ahura Mazda, and somewhat reflects Ardashir’s preference, coordinated with the legend on the obverse, on religion over other mundane affairs, whereafter the icon of the fire altar has become a standardized image for reverses of Sassanian coinages.
<br /><p>Reference:</p>
<br /><b>Bosworth, C. E. (trans.). 1999.</b>
<br /><i>The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen.</i> Albany, New York.
<br /><b>Gariboldi, A. 2017.</b>
<br /><i>Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Tajikistan - Sasanian Coins and Their Imitations from Sogdiana and Toachristan, Volume I</i>. Wien.
<br /><b>Felix, W. 1985.</b>
<br /><i>Antike Litrarische Quellen zur Außenpolitik des Sasanidenstaates I</i>. Wien, 224–309.
<br /><b>Richter-Bernburg, L. 1993.</b>
<br /> “Mani’s Dodecads and Sassanian Chronology: Kephalaia; Shapuragan, and Codes Manichaicus Coloniensis.” <i>Zeitschrift für Papyrogie und Epigrafik</i> 95: 71–80.
<br /><b>Taqizadeh, S.H. 1943–1946.</b>
<br />“The Early Sasanians. Some Chronological Points which Call for Revision.” <i>Bulletin of the Asia Institute</i> 11: 20f.
<br /><b>Taqizadeh, S.H. and Henning, W.B. 1958.</b>
<br />“The Date of Mani's Life.” <i>Asian Major</i> 4: 108f.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
WANG Fan
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
223/4–240 CE
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
CoinArchives, ancient coin auction, originally from Leu Numismatik AG - Web Auction 16, 22 May 2021, Lot 1673.
<br />Coins accessed under <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1831800&AucID=4248&Lot=1673&Val=a1cc835092b3f332fc256b2c1b2449cf%E2%80%9D">coinarchives.com</a> (15.10.2021).
<br />Coins accessed under <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//leunumismatik.com/en/lot/26/1673/%5B26%5D%E2%80%9D">leunumismatik.com</a> (15.10.2021).
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
coin
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
coin
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Coin of Ardashir, the interim period between 226 CE and 240CE