1
10
19
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https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/94a012e70dfdeae880e56603707980c9.jpg
3a8d5745bfdf142a364620389377fcfe
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Title
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Rise of the Sassanids
Subject
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Rise of the Sassanids
Language
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English
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Wang, Fan
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Wang, Fan
Schellen, Thomas
Galinski, Lara
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Title
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Sasanian Empire - Map of Ardashir & shapur's campaign
Subject
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Sasanian Empire - Map of Ardashir & shapur's campaign
Description
An account of the resource
to be replaced, as later effort
-
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/b48b015d6a19015e969bbca6d946b424.jpg
123e30bffe594825dbc0f8d0ebf8532d
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Photo: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ZhangQianTravels.jpg">PHG</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Subject
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Zhang Qian leaving emperor Han Wudi around 130 BCE, for his expedition to Central Asia. Mural in Cave 323, Mogao Caves, high Tang Dynasty, circa 8th century CE. Cf. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ZhangQianTravels.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a>
Literary Sources
Original Text:
是时天子问匈奴降者，皆言匈奴破月氏王，以其头为饮器，月氏遁逃而常怨仇匈奴，无与共击之。汉方欲事灭胡，闻此言，因欲通使。道必更匈奴中，乃募能使者。骞以郎应募，使月氏。
天子既闻大宛及大夏、安息之属皆大国，多奇物，土著，颇与中国同业，而兵弱，贵汉财物；其北有大月氏、康居之属，兵强，可以赂遗设利朝也。且诚得而以义属之，则广地万里，重九译，致殊俗，威德遍于四海。天子欣然，以骞言为然，乃令骞因蜀犍为发间使，四道并出。
Translation:
At this time the emperor questioned various Xiongnu who had surrendered to the Han and they all reported that the Xiongnu had defeated the king of the Yuezhi people (Indo-scythians) and made his skull into a drinking vessel. As a result the Yuezhi had fled and bore a constant grudge against the Xiongnu, though as yet they had been unable to find anyone to join them in an attack on their enemy.
The Han at this time was engaged in a concert effort to destroy the Xiongnu, and therefore, when the emperor heard this, he decide to try to send an envy to establish relation with Yuezhi. To search them, however, an envoy would inevitably have to pass through Xiongnu territory... Zhang Qian, who was a palace attendant at the time, answered the summons and was appointed as envoy to the Yuezhi.
Thus the emperor leamed of Dayuan, Daxia, Anxi, and the others, all great states rich in unusual products whose people cultivated the land and made their living in much the same way as the Chinese. All these states, he was told, were militarily weak and prized Han goods and wealth. He also learned that to the north of them lived the Yuezhi and Kangju people who were strong in arms but who could be persuaded by gifts and the prospect of gain to acknowledge allegiance to the Han court. If it were only possible to win over these states by peaceful means, the emperor thought, he could then extend his domain 10,000 li, attract to his court men of strange customs who would come translating and retranslating their languages, and his might would become known to all the lands within the four seas,
The emperor was therefore delighted,and approved Zhang Qian's suggestion. He ordered Zhang Qian to start out from Jianwei in Shu on a secret mission to search for Daxia.
Author:
SiMa Qian
Work:
[西汉] 司马迁：《史记》，北京：中华书局，2014年。
Date:
Han dynasty
Edition/Translation:
English translation: Burton Watson, Record of The Grand History: Han Dynasty II
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Title
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Analysis for <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/210">Zhang Qian</a> as an imperial envoy to the world outside of China
Subject
The topic of the resource
The main reason of going outside of China recorded in the <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/56">Shiji</a>
Creator
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ZhangDong
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
1. Sima Qian, ShiJi
Publisher
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1. 中华书局
2. Columbia University Press
1. “Ⅰ. ①史… Ⅱ. ①司…②李… Ⅲ. ①中国历史－古代史－纪传体 Ⅳ. ①K204.2
中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（2016）第147963号”
2. 1961 Columbia University Press
Revised Edition ⑧ 1993 Columbia University Press All Rights Reserved.ISBN 0-231-08166-9 ISBN O-231-08167-7 (pbk.)Library of Congress Number 92-210621
Published by
The Research Centre for Translation The Chinese University of Hong Kong and
Columbia University Press
Date
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94 BCE
Rights
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Photo: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ZhangQianTravels.jpg">PHG</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Language
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Ancient Chinese; English (translation)
Type
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literary sources
Description
An account of the resource
The Han Dynasty sent <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/210">Zhang Qian</a> and others as envoys to the West because they wanted to solve the border problem with the Xiongnu. This is also considered by many scholars to be the main reason for Zhang Qian to go out into the Western Regions.
reason
western religions
Zhangqian
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https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/5eb59f3c66a1b1a9540a6ce37832cfa5.jpg
5d5e60733cf16a51a4326c6f1cdc653a
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Photo: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8%EF%BC%88%E5%AE%8B%E7%B4%B9%E8%88%88%EF%BC%89.jpg">范曄 (Fan Ye, 398–445)</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
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Parthia‘s Geography, Climate, and Infrastructure from Western and Eastern Perspective
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Title
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The description of Anxi/Parthia in the Hou Hanshu
Description
An account of the resource
The Hou Hanshu records the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was written by Fan Ye in the first half of the fifth century CE (398-445). The book is divided into ten chronicles, eighty biographies, and eight histories, recording the history during 25-220 CE. There is one chapter named On the Western Regions. In this chapter,
安息国居和椟城，去洛阳二万五千里。北与康居接，南与乌戈山离接。地方数千里，小城数百，户口胜兵最为殷盛。其东界木鹿越，号为小安息，去洛阳二万里。 The main centre of Anxi (Parthia)1 is the town of Hedu (Hecatompylos). It is 25,000 li (10,395 km) from Luoyang. On the north, it is bordered by Kangju (Tashkent plus the Chu, Talas, and middle Jaxartes basins), and on the south joins Wuyishanli (Kandahar). It is several thousand li across. There are several hundred small towns. The households, people, and men able to bear arms are extremely numerous. On its eastern frontier is the town of Mulu (Merv), which is also called Little Anxi, and is 20,000 li (8,316 km) from Luoyang.
章帝章和元年，遣使献师子、符拔。符拔形似麟而无角。和帝永元九年，都护班超遣甘英使大秦，抵条支。临大海欲度，而安息西界船人谓英曰：“海水广大，往来者逢善风三月乃得度，若遇迟风，亦有二岁者，故入海人皆赍三岁粮。海中善使人思土恋慕，数有死亡者。”英闻之乃止。十三年，安息王满屈复献师子及条支大鸟，时谓之安息雀。
In the first zhanghe year [87 CE], during the reign of Emperor Zhang, this kingdom sent an envoy to offer lions and fuba (Persian gazelle). The fuba looks like a female unicorn but it doesn’t have a horn.
In the ninth yongyuan year [97 CE], during the reign of Emperor He, the Protector General Ban Chao sent Gan Ying to Da Qin (the Roman Empire). He reached Tiaozhi (Characene and Susiana) next to a large sea. He wanted to cross it, but the sailors of the western frontier of Anxi (Parthia) said to him:
“The ocean is huge. Those making the round trip can do it in three months if the winds are favourable. However, if you encounter winds that delay you, it can take two years. That is why all the men who go by sea take stores for three years. The vast ocean urges men to think of their country, and get homesick, and some of them die.”
When (Gan) Ying heard this, he gave up his plan.
In the thirteenth year [101 CE], the king of Anxi (Parthia) named Manqu [= Manchihr I of Persis?] again offered lions, and some of the large birds of Tiaozhi (Characene and Susiana), which people call ‘Anxi birds’ [ostriches].
自安息西行三千四百里至阿蛮国。从阿蛮西行三千六百里至斯宾国。从斯宾南行度河，又西南至于罗国九百六十里，安息西界极矣。自此南乘海，乃通大秦。其土多海西珍奇异物焉。
If you travel 3,400 li (1,414 km) west from [the eastern frontier of] Anxi (Parthia), you reach the Kingdom of Aman (Herat). Leaving Aman and travelling 3,600 li (1,497 km), you reach the Kingdom of Sibin (Susa). Leaving Sibin (Susa) and travelling south you cross a river, then going southwest, you reach the Kingdom of Yuluo (Charax Spasinou) after 960 li (399 km). This is the extreme western frontier of Anxi (Parthia). Leaving there, and heading south, you embark on the sea and then reach Da Qin (Roman territory). In these territories, there are many precious and marvellous things from Haixi (‘West of the Sea’ = Egypt).
Creator
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ZHANG Hongxia
Source
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<b>Translation</b> accessed under <a href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html#sec12">http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html#sec12</a> (30.10.2021).
Date
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5th CE
Format
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Literary source
Language
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latin(original text);english(translation)
Type
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Literary text
Rights
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Photo: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8%EF%BC%88%E5%AE%8B%E7%B4%B9%E8%88%88%EF%BC%89.jpg">范曄 (Fan Ye, 398–445)</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
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https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/88d8d737de8fd06ee43a12fce87271f4.jpg
d61cad715e0ea69ca9f2cae0d88ad811
Literary Sources
Author:
Sima Qian
Ban Gu
Elisabeth Benard and Beverly Moon
Work:
Shiji
Hanshu
Goddesses Who Rule
Original Text:
Part. 1
(史记，卷一百二十三，大宛列传第六十三）
条枝在安息⻄数千⾥，临⻄海...安息⻓⽼传闻条枝有弱⽔、⻄王⺟，⽽未尝⻅。或云其国⻄有弱⽔、流沙，近⻄王⺟所居处，⼏于⽇所⼊也。
——《汉书》
Part. 2
(Elisabeth Benard, Beverly Moon, Goddesses who rule, 12, 197)
The Queen Mother of the West (Xiwangmu) is an ancient Chinese goddess of obscure origin. Her name reveals some of her most important characteristics: She is royal, female, and associated with the west. The West in her name refers to the western direction, associated in ancient China with death, the spirit world, and tigers, among many other things. She may have the longest unbroken history of any deity in China, with origins perhaps going back to oracle bone inscriptions of the fifteenth century bce that record blood sacrifices to a "western mother.
Part. 4
(史记，卷十二，孝武本纪第十二）
少君言于上曰：“祠灶则致物，致物而丹沙可化为黄金，黄金成以为饮食器则益寿，益寿而海中蓬莱仙者可见，见之以封禅则不死，黄帝是也。
... ...
居久之，李少君病死。天子以为化去不死也，而使黄锤史宽舒受其方。求蓬莱安期生莫能得。
... ...
今上封禅，其后十二岁而还，遍于五岳、四渎矣。而方士之候祠神人，入海求蓬莱，终无有验... 天子益怠厌方士之怪迂语矣，然终羁縻弗绝，冀遇其真。
Part. 5
(后汉书，卷八十八，西域传第七十八)
诸国所生奇异玉石诸物，谲怪多不经，故不记云.
Translation:
Part. 1
Tiaozhi is situated several thousand li west of Anxi and borders the Western Sea... The old men of Anxi say they have heard that in Tiaozhi are to be found the River of Weak Water and the Queen Mother of the west, though they admit that they have never seen either of them. (ShiJi)
It is said that to the west of this kingdom[Rome] is Ruo-Shui [the ‘Weak River’] and Liu-Sha [the ‘Shifting
Sands’] which are close to the place where Xi-Wang-Mu [‘Spirit-Mother of the West’] lives, and which go almost as far as the place where the sun sets. (Hou Hanshu)
Part. 4
Li Shaojun once said to the emperor:“sacrificing to the god of stove will be able to invoke the gods and smelt the vermilion into the gold, after that refining the gold will be able to cast the food and drink utensils, the use of such utensils will be able to benefit life and prolong life, after prolonging life will be able to see the immortals god of Penglai Island in the East China Sea, then after held the ceremony of the sacrificing earth and sky you will be able to live forever, like “The Yellow Emperor” did so.”
... ...
After a long time, Li Shaojun fell ill and died. The emperor thought that he had become immortal instead of dying, and ordered Kuan Shu, a subordinate official of Donglai County, to learn his sacrificial method. But visiting to the immortal god of Penglai did not succeed.
...
Since twelve years of the emperor held the sacrificial ceremony, the sacrifice has spread to the whole territory of Han. And the priests, who have waited and sacrificed to the gods, used to enter the East sea to seek Penglai Island, and they has never succeeded... The Son of Heaven was even more tired of the fanciful talk of the gods, but he still enlisted them, refusing to break off communication, always hoping to meet the real gods.
Part. 5
They [the vassal kingdoms of Da Qin] produce curious gems and so many other peculiar and bizarre things that I will not record what is reported.
Dublin Core
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Title
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A legendary tale of <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/210">Zhang Qian’s</a> mission to the West
Subject
The topic of the resource
the Legend of the Queen Mother of the West and emperor Wu's wish for eternal life
Description
An account of the resource
According to the <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/56">Shiji</a>, emperor Wu used to seek the method of eternal life at the end of East-China, so he order his own priests to look for the god’s trace but was not successful. It is said that someone incidentally saw the goddess, Queen Mother of the west, who is in charge of the common life, in Parthia. Therefore I deduced that the reason for <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/210">Zhang Qian</a> to go to the Western regions a second time for was finding this goddess. Next we are going to demonstrate this topic in five parts.
Part. 1 the legend of West Queen Mother in the Western regions in Shiji and Hanshu.
Part. 2 introduction of Queen Mother of the west and Weak River.
(1) Originally, from the earliest known depictions of her in the Classic of Mountains and Seas during the Zhou dynasty, she was a ferocious goddess with the teeth of a tiger, who sent pestilence down upon the world. After her adoption into the Taoist pantheon, she was transformed into the goddess of life and immortality.
(2) Ruoshui, the Weak River, is one of the mythological rivers flowing near Kunlun, home of a Western Paradise. The Weak River flowed with "water" so lacking in specific gravity that even a feather would not float, so it is called as the river of weak.
(3) Elisabeth Benard, Beverly Moon, Goddesses who rule, 12, 197
Part. 3 Why does the goddess relate to Parthia and China?
firstly we need to know where the goddess is living.
Zhuangzi describes the Queen Mother as one of the highest of the deities, meaning she had gained immortality and celestial powers. Zhuangzi also states that Xiwangmu is seated upon a spiritual western mountain range, suggesting she is connected to not only the heavens, but also to the west.
# The Weak River was often seen as a protective barrier against the profane and unworthy, protecting a Western Paradise. Often this Paradise was presided over by Xiwangmu, the Queen Mother of Meng Hao in the West.
# Zhuangzi, Taoism's successor, once said: "The Queen Mother of the West obtained it [the Dao] and took up her seat at Mount Shaoguang. No one knows her beginning; no one knows her end."
Secondly we need to know where Mount Shaoguang is.
It is said to be the name of a mountain, or cave, in the extreme west, or the name of the Western Realm. Another account of the Western Queen Mother is found in the Shanhaijing - Xishanjing, where it is written that Mount Yu "is also the residence of the Western Queen Mother, so we can believe that Mount Shaoguang refers to the west, but no specific place.
Part. 4 Why did the emperor want to look for the goddess in Parthia?
Why did Emperor Wu look for the Queen Mother of the West. My view is that the Emperor Wu of Han failed in his pursuit of becoming immortal in Penglai island in the East. There is a description in ShiJi, ruler 12.
Conclusion:
So I deduce that after hearing of the appearance of the Queen Mother of the West in Anxi after Zhangqian returns from western regions emperor Wu incidentally asked Zhang Qian to go on a quest. But the main reason for Zhang Qian's trip to the Western Regions was still war. There is no doubt about it.
Part. 5
Fanye's attitude for this thing.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Zhang Dong
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
1.SiMa QIan, ShiJi
2. Fanye, Hou Hanshu
3. ZhuangZi， Zhuangzi
4. Elisabeth Benard, Beverly Moon, Goddesses who rule, 12, 197
Publisher
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1. 中华书局
2. Oxford University Press
3. Columbia University Press
Rights
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1. Copyright © 2000 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
2. 1961 Columbia University Press
3. Revised Edition ⑧ 1993 Columbia University Press All Rights Reserved.ISBN 0-231-08166-9 ISBN O-231-08167-7 (pbk.)Library of Congress Number 92-210621
Published by The Research Centre for Translation The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Columbia University Press
Language
A language of the resource
Ancient Chinese; English (translation)
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
literary sources
goddess
purpose of going to Parthia
Xi Wangmu
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https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/7570a55fd7c4cf1a188f3a15c5d67f22.jpg
5d5e60733cf16a51a4326c6f1cdc653a
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
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<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8%EF%BC%88%E5%AE%8B%E7%B4%B9%E8%88%88%EF%BC%89.jpg">范曄 (Fan Ye, 398–445)</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Literary Sources
Author:
Fanye
Work:
Hou Hanshu
Location:
Liu Song Dynasty
Date:
5th CE
Original Text:
1. 安息国居和椟城，去洛阳二万五千里。北与康居接，南与乌戈山离接。地方数千里，小城数百，户口胜兵最为殷盛。其东界木鹿越，号为小安息，去洛阳二万里。
2. 章帝章和元年，遣使献师子、符拔。符拔形似麟而无角。和帝永元九年，都护班超遣甘英使大秦，抵条支。临大海欲度，而安息西界船人谓英曰：“海水广大，往来者逢善风三月乃得度，若遇迟风，亦有二岁者，故入海人皆赍三岁粮。海中善使人思土恋慕，数有死亡者。”英闻之乃止。十三年，安息王满屈复献师子及条支大鸟，时谓之安息雀。
3. 自安息西行三千四百里至阿蛮国。从阿蛮西行三千六百里至斯宾国。从斯宾南行度河，又西南至于罗国九百六十里，安息西界极矣。自此南乘海，乃通大秦。其土多海西珍奇异物焉。
4. 三年，班超遂定西域，因以超为都护，居龟兹。复置戊己校尉，领兵五百人，居车师前部高昌壁，又置戊部候，居车师后部候城，相去五百里。六年，班超复击破焉耆，于是五十馀国悉纳质内属。其条支、安息诸国至于海濒四万里外，皆重译贡献。
5. 其人民皆长大平正，有类中国，故谓之大秦......与安息、天竺交市于海中，利有十倍。
Translation:
1. The main centre of the Kingdom of Anxi [Parthia] is the town of Hedu [Hekatompylos]. It is 25,000 li [10,395 km] from Luoyang. To the north, it borders Kangju [the Talas basin, Tashkent and Sogdiana], and joins Wuyishanli [Arachosia and Drangiana] to the south. It is several thousand li across. There are several hundred small towns. The households, people, and men able to bear arms are extremely numerous. On its eastern frontier is the town of Mulu [Merv], which is also called Little Anxi, and is 20,000 li [8,316 km] from Luoyang.
2. In the first Zhang He year [87 CE], during the reign of Emperor Zhang, this kingdom sent an envoy to offer lions and fuba [Persian gazelle]. The FuBa looks like a female unicorn but it has no horn. In the ninth Yong Yuan year [97 CE], during the reign of Emperor He, the Protector General Ban Chao sent Gan Ying to Da Qin [the Roman Empire]. He reached Tiaozhi [Characene and Susiana] next to a large sea. He wanted to cross it, but the sailors of the western frontier of Anxi [Parthia] said to him:
“The ocean is huge. Those making the round trip can do it in three months if the winds are favourable. However, if you encounter winds that delay you, it can take two years. That is why all the men who go by sea take stores for three years. The vast ocean urges men to think of their country, and get homesick, and some of them die.”
When [Gan] Ying heard this, he discontinued (his trip). In the thirteenth year [101 CE], the king of Anxi [Parthia] named ManQu [= Manchihr I of Persis] again offered lions, and some of the giant birds of Tiaozhi [Characene and Susiana], which people call ‘Anxi birds’ [ostriches].
3. From [the eastern frontier of] Anxi [Indo-Parthia], if you travel 3,400 li [1,414 km] west, you reach the kingdom of Aman (or Alüan) [Herat]. Leaving Aman and travelling west 3,600 li [1,497 km], you reach the kingdom of Sibin [Susa]. Leaving Sibin [Susa] and travelling south you cross a river, then going southwest, you reach the kingdom of Yuluo [Charax Spasinou] after 960 li [399 km]. This is the extreme western frontier of Anxi [Parthia]. Leaving there, and heading south, you embark on the sea and then reach Da Qin [Roman territory]. In these territories, there are many precious and marvellous things from Haixi [‘West of the Sea’ = Egypt].
4. In the third year [91 CE], Ban Chao finally succeeded in pacifying the Western Regions. Ban Chao was then given the title of Protector General and stationed at Qiuci [Kucha]. A Wuji Colonel was re-established and, commanding five hundred soldiers, was stationed in the Kingdom of Nearer Jushi, within the walls of Gaochang [Kharakhoja – 70 li or 29 km southeast of Turfan]. In addition, a Wu Troop Captain was established and stationed in Further Jushi [Jimasa]. The Captain and the town were 500 li [208 km] from the town [of Gaochang]. In the sixth year [94 CE], Ban Chao again attacked and defeated Yanqi [Karashahr]. Following this, more than fifty kingdoms presented hostages, and submitted to the Interior [China]. Kingdoms such as Tiaozhi [Characene and Susiana], Anxi [Parthia], and all the kingdoms as far as the shores of the sea more than 40,000 li [16,632 km] away offered tribute, using several successive interpreters to communicate.
5. The people of this country are all tall and honest. They resemble the people of the Middle Kingdom and that is why this kingdom is called Da Qin [or ‘Great China’]... They trade with Anxi [Parthia] and Tianzhu [Northwestern India] by sea. The profit margin is ten to one.
Edition/Translation:
The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu The Xiyu juan “Chapter on the Western Regions”
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Parthia in Hou Hanshu
Subject
The topic of the resource
The contact between Parthia and China
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Zhang Dong
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
范晔, 《后汉书》，北京：中华书局，2014
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
5th CE.
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Photo: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8%EF%BC%88%E5%AE%8B%E7%B4%B9%E8%88%88%EF%BC%89.jpg">范曄 (Fan Ye, 398–445)</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Relation
A related resource
English translation: <a href="https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html">The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu The Xiyu juan “Chapter on the Western Regions”</a>
Language
A language of the resource
Ancient Chinese; English (translation)
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
literary sources
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
中华书局
Description
An account of the resource
There are many similar contents in Hou Hanshu and <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/56">Shiji</a> or <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/65">Hanshu</a>, but after <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/210">Zhang Qian</a> went to Western regions, as many people were able to go out of China on private or official business, the records of relations with western regions became more specific, especially after Banchao conquered many western countries. The part of new descpritions of Hou Hanshu wrote by Fanye derived from it.
first contact
Hou Hanshu
Parthia
-
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
The territorial zenith of the Roman Empire
Subject
The topic of the resource
The territorial zenith of the Roman Empire
Description
An account of the resource
unknown
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
WF
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Roman Empire Extent
-
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/d561a1b6adc2c9e50676095b1ef97983.gif
9497a717d0a7f6ff1574d2fa84a2a007
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cf1823f67487e49f76a2d0962395c465
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Armenia, 27 BCE~CE 386(trial)
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
WANG Fan
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Armenia, WF, gif
-
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/490326679d29be26e2a083088dbce984.png
467e44e9c96d1c311eea60eda3ef1504
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/edbdf7fc2002f3cecf74e1d80b41bd63.png
5c09750dee6a2e5e9235273d9006ddea
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/a86f230cbb4b3ad5c64e9d9b8a02c031.jpg
5c776d7f0f9dbb9a7ae5ec1d9896306e
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Rise of the Sassanids
Subject
The topic of the resource
Rise of the Sassanids
Language
A language of the resource
English
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Wang, Fan
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Wang, Fan
Schellen, Thomas
Galinski, Lara
Coins
Ruler/Minting Authority:
Meherdates (Usurper)
Mint/Region:
Ecbatana
Date:
49–50 CE
Metal/Denomination:
AV/AR/AE
AR, Drachm
Weight/Diameter/Die-Axis:
XX g / YY mm / ZZ h
3.67 g / 20 mm / 12 h
Obverse:
„description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX)
Beaded; Meherdates' (Usurper) helmeted bust with a short beard, wearing a diadem with loops at both sides; helmet with ornamentation (horns?) and ear flaps. Royal wart on forehead; six-pointed stars on each side.
Reverse:
„description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX)
Beardless archer, seated right on a throne; bow in right hand, a monogram below the bow 26; somewhat blundered Greek legend
Legend: BACIΛEΩC / BACIΛEΩN - APCAKOY - ΔIKAIOY - EΠIΦANOYC / ΦIΛEΛΛHNOC.
Sellwood 67.1. Shore 368. Sunrise 417-8.
Online Reference: „Auction“
Reference Catalogue/Link:
Sellwood 67.1. Shore 368. Sunrise 417-8.
Online Reference:
<b>Coin</b> accessed under <a href="https://www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1852701&AucID=4325&Lot=272&Val=12aa093a8b6f7b2046c0a1d1b6dbf214">coinarchives.com</a> (30.10.2021).
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Coin of Meherdates (Usurper), 49–50 CE
Description
An account of the resource
Mint: Ecbatana
Region: Persis(Province / Vassal State)
Date: 49–50 CE
Metal/Denomination: AR, Drachm
Weight/Diameter/Die-Axis: 3.67 g / 20 mm / 12 h
Obverse: Beaded; Meherdates' (Usurper) beaded, helmeted bust with short beard wearing diadem with loops at both sides; helmet with ornamentation (horns?) and ear flaps. Royal wart on forehead; six-pointed stars on each side.
Reverse: Beardless archer, seated right on a throne; bow in right hand, a monogram below the bow 26; somewhat blundered Greek legend;
Legend: BACIΛEΩC / BACIΛEΩN - APCAKOY - ΔIKAIOY - EΠIΦANOYC / ΦIΛEΛΛHNOC.
Ecbatana, Hamadan = City of Hamedan, Hamadan Province, Iran (همدان، ایران)
34°48'23.0"N 48°30'58.0"E
34.806389, 48.516111
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
WANG Fan
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Coin of Meherdates (Usurper)
-
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/23bf754a9c1b5338ad17cf3e67bcc1a6.png
3c96e8c4e8953b0ec9aacc38dd780ad0
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/0d1d5f7f1f55a07982da4f6427a224bc.png
2b5b422f87589567411d9e5327966ac7
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/9331aaf26ef3b49427d4d2182b298e3a.png
08311af72fb3675f2d8a605d499a1401
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Rise of the Sassanids
Subject
The topic of the resource
Rise of the Sassanids
Language
A language of the resource
English
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Wang, Fan
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Wang, Fan
Schellen, Thomas
Galinski, Lara
Coins
Ruler/Minting Authority:
Vonones II
Mint/Region:
Ecbatana
Date:
ca. 51 CE
Metal/Denomination:
AV/AR/AE
AR, Drachm
Weight/Diameter/Die-Axis:
XX g / YY mm / ZZ h
3.51 g / 20 mm / 1 h
Obverse:
„description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX)
Beaded; Vonones II, beared, helmeted bust facing with short beard wearing diadem with loops at both sides; helmet with ornamentation (horns ?) and ear flaps. Royal wart on forehead; at each side six-pointed stars.
Reverse:
„description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX)
Beardless archer, seated right on throne; in right hand bow, below bow monogram 26; somewhat blundered Greek legend
Legend: BACIΛEΩC / BACIΛEΩN - APCAKOY - ΔIKAIOY - EΠIΦANOYC / ΦIΛEΛΛHNOC.
Reference Catalogue/Link:
Sellwood 67.1 (Vonones II). Shore 368 (Vonones II). Sunrise 417-8.
Online Reference:
<b>Sellwood 67</b> accessed under <a href="https://www.parthia.com/vonones2.htm#Type_67"> parthia.com</a> (30.10.2021).
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Coin of Vonones II, Sellwood type 67.1
Subject
The topic of the resource
Coin of Vonones II
Description
An account of the resource
Mint: Ecbatana
Region: Persis(Province / Vassal State)
Date: ca. 51 CE
Metal/Denomination: AR, Drachm
Weight/Diameter/Die-Axis: 3.51 g / 20 mm / 1 h
Obverse: Beaded; Vonones II, beared, helmeted bust facing with short beard wearing diadem with loops at both sides; helmet with ornamentation (horns ?) and ear flaps; Royal wart on forehead; at each side six-pointed stars.
Reverse: Beardless archer, seated right on throne; in right hand bow, below bow monogram 26; somewhat blundered Greek legend
Legend: BACIΛEΩC / BACIΛEΩN - APCAKOY - ΔIKAIOY - EΠIΦANOYC / ΦIΛEΛΛHNOC.
Ecbatana, Hamadan = City of Hamedan, Hamadan Province, Iran (همدان، ایران)
34°48'23.0"N 48°30'58.0"E
34.806389, 48.516111
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
WANG Fan
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Vonones II, Sellwood type 67.1
-
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/40c6bf3fb50c9b88f6e52d6134e20a0b.jpg
be2425914690c755c27af472ac898f8d
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/b693630d6f4bf2c7acfee41068658edf.jpg
ff787f4f0e527297ec946b94a335a968
https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/ce4a9b438e606cd40355c957c4133ea3.jpg
99a9b7bb6e1424c10c8868e51a20f1be
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Rise of the Sassanids
Subject
The topic of the resource
Rise of the Sassanids
Language
A language of the resource
English
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Wang, Fan
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Wang, Fan
Schellen, Thomas
Galinski, Lara
Coins
Ruler/Minting Authority:
Ardashir I
Mint/Region:
Mint C (Ctesiphon)
Date:
226/7–240 CE
Metal/Denomination:
AV/AR/AE
AR, Hemidrachm
Weight/Diameter/Die-Axis:
XX g / YY mm / ZZ h
2.0 g / 19 mm / 3 h
Obverse:
„description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX)
bearded; draped bust of Ardashir I to right, wearing a diadem and close-fitting headdress with korymbos and no earflaps <br />Legend: mzdysn bgy 'rthštr MRKAn MRKA 'yr'n mnw ctry MN yzd'n (Pahlawi, translation: Worshipper of Lord Mazda, 'God' Ardashir, King of Kings of Iran who has lineage from the Gods)
Reverse:
„description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX)
fire altar with diadems
Legend: NWRA ZY 'rthštr (Pahlawi, translation: Fire of Ardashir)
Reference Catalogue/Link:
Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum vol.I, Ardashirr I, Type IIIa(4a)/3a(2b)15, 215.
Online Reference:
<br />Coins accessed under <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1831800&AucID=4248&Lot=1673&Val=a1cc835092b3f332fc256b2c1b2449cf%E2%80%9D">coinarchives.com</a> (15.10.2021).
<br />Coins accessed under <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//leunumismatik.com/en/lot/26/1673/%5B26%5D%E2%80%9D">leunumismatik.com</a> (15.10.2021).
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Coin of Ardashir as King of Kings
Subject
The topic of the resource
Coin of Ardashir, during the interim period between 226 and 240 CE
Description
An account of the resource
In 223/224 CE, Ardashir I gained victory over Artabanus in the Battle of Hormizdagan (Bosworth 1999, 14) and proclaimed himself King of Kings while still on the battlefield (Bosworth 1999, 15). Later, in 226/227 CE (Bosworth 1999, 409ff., N.B. 411; c.f. also Aleim-Stiehl 1978, 115; Felix 1985, 26 and Richter-Bernburg 1993, 72ff.), he conquered Ctesiphon (Bosworth 1999, 14), where he could possibly hold a more formal coronation, although no chroniclers state anything about that.<br />
The rise of Ardashir had been completed at this stage, with his title changed from ‘God Ardashir, the King’ to ‘God Ardashir, the King of Iran’ to the final version of ‘King of Kings of Iran’, which is shown in the legend on the obverse of this coin. The fire altar resonates with Ardashir’s policy on religion, a total revitalization of Zoroastrianism, which also responses to the newly added word ‘Iran’ (or ‘Ayran’) in the obverse legend as a method of ‘invention of tradition’ from a mythical past. <br />
The diadem, which is mounted by a sun, probably stands for the blessing from Ahura Mazda, just like the propagandistic relief of <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/66">Naqš-i Rustam</a> shows, in which the throne of the house of Sassan is portrayed with <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/63">the investment of Ahura Mazda</a>. The private fire altar on the reverse strengthened this religious tie between Ardashir and Ahura Mazda, and somewhat reflects Ardashir’s preference, coordinated with the legend on the obverse, on religion over other mundane affairs, whereafter the icon of the fire altar has become a standardized image for reverses of Sassanian coinages.
<br /><p>Reference:</p>
<br /><b>Bosworth, C. E. (trans.). 1999.</b>
<br /><i>The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen.</i> Albany, New York.
<br /><b>Gariboldi, A. 2017.</b>
<br /><i>Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Tajikistan - Sasanian Coins and Their Imitations from Sogdiana and Toachristan, Volume I</i>. Wien.
<br /><b>Felix, W. 1985.</b>
<br /><i>Antike Litrarische Quellen zur Außenpolitik des Sasanidenstaates I</i>. Wien, 224–309.
<br /><b>Richter-Bernburg, L. 1993.</b>
<br /> “Mani’s Dodecads and Sassanian Chronology: Kephalaia; Shapuragan, and Codes Manichaicus Coloniensis.” <i>Zeitschrift für Papyrogie und Epigrafik</i> 95: 71–80.
<br /><b>Taqizadeh, S.H. 1943–1946.</b>
<br />“The Early Sasanians. Some Chronological Points which Call for Revision.” <i>Bulletin of the Asia Institute</i> 11: 20f.
<br /><b>Taqizadeh, S.H. and Henning, W.B. 1958.</b>
<br />“The Date of Mani's Life.” <i>Asian Major</i> 4: 108f.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
WANG Fan
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
223/4–240 CE
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
CoinArchives, ancient coin auction, originally from Leu Numismatik AG - Web Auction 16, 22 May 2021, Lot 1673.
<br />Coins accessed under <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1831800&AucID=4248&Lot=1673&Val=a1cc835092b3f332fc256b2c1b2449cf%E2%80%9D">coinarchives.com</a> (15.10.2021).
<br />Coins accessed under <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//leunumismatik.com/en/lot/26/1673/%5B26%5D%E2%80%9D">leunumismatik.com</a> (15.10.2021).
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
coin
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
coin
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Coin of Ardashir, the interim period between 226 CE and 240CE