1 10 6 https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/490326679d29be26e2a083088dbce984.png 467e44e9c96d1c311eea60eda3ef1504 https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/edbdf7fc2002f3cecf74e1d80b41bd63.png 5c09750dee6a2e5e9235273d9006ddea https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/a86f230cbb4b3ad5c64e9d9b8a02c031.jpg 5c776d7f0f9dbb9a7ae5ec1d9896306e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rise of the Sassanids Subject The topic of the resource Rise of the Sassanids Language A language of the resource English Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wang, Fan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Wang, Fan Schellen, Thomas Galinski, Lara Coins Ruler/Minting Authority: Meherdates (Usurper) Mint/Region: Ecbatana Date: 49–50 CE Metal/Denomination: AV/AR/AE AR, Drachm Weight/Diameter/Die-Axis: XX g / YY mm / ZZ h 3.67 g / 20 mm / 12 h Obverse: „description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX) Beaded; Meherdates' (Usurper) helmeted bust with a short beard, wearing a diadem with loops at both sides; helmet with ornamentation (horns?) and ear flaps. Royal wart on forehead; six-pointed stars on each side. Reverse: „description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX) Beardless archer, seated right on a throne; bow in right hand, a monogram below the bow 26; somewhat blundered Greek legend Legend: BACIΛEΩC / BACIΛEΩN - APCAKOY - ΔIKAIOY - EΠIΦANOYC / ΦIΛEΛΛHNOC. Sellwood 67.1. Shore 368. Sunrise 417-8. Online Reference: „Auction“ Reference Catalogue/Link: Sellwood 67.1. Shore 368. Sunrise 417-8. Online Reference: Coin accessed under <a href="https://www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1852701&AucID=4325&Lot=272&Val=12aa093a8b6f7b2046c0a1d1b6dbf214">coinarchives.com</a> (30.10.2021). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coin of Meherdates (Usurper), 49–50 CE Description An account of the resource Mint: Ecbatana Region: Persis(Province / Vassal State) Date: 49–50 CE Metal/Denomination: AR, Drachm Weight/Diameter/Die-Axis: 3.67 g / 20 mm / 12 h Obverse: Beaded; Meherdates' (Usurper) beaded, helmeted bust with short beard wearing diadem with loops at both sides; helmet with ornamentation (horns?) and ear flaps. Royal wart on forehead; six-pointed stars on each side. Reverse: Beardless archer, seated right on a throne; bow in right hand, a monogram below the bow 26; somewhat blundered Greek legend; Legend: BACIΛEΩC / BACIΛEΩN - APCAKOY - ΔIKAIOY - EΠIΦANOYC / ΦIΛEΛΛHNOC. Ecbatana, Hamadan = City of Hamedan, Hamadan Province, Iran (همدان، ایران) 34°48'23.0"N 48°30'58.0"E 34.806389, 48.516111 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource WANG Fan Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Coin of Meherdates (Usurper) https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/23bf754a9c1b5338ad17cf3e67bcc1a6.png 3c96e8c4e8953b0ec9aacc38dd780ad0 https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/0d1d5f7f1f55a07982da4f6427a224bc.png 2b5b422f87589567411d9e5327966ac7 https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/9331aaf26ef3b49427d4d2182b298e3a.png 08311af72fb3675f2d8a605d499a1401 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rise of the Sassanids Subject The topic of the resource Rise of the Sassanids Language A language of the resource English Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wang, Fan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Wang, Fan Schellen, Thomas Galinski, Lara Coins Ruler/Minting Authority: Vonones II Mint/Region: Ecbatana Date: ca. 51 CE Metal/Denomination: AV/AR/AE AR, Drachm Weight/Diameter/Die-Axis: XX g / YY mm / ZZ h 3.51 g / 20 mm / 1 h Obverse: „description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX) Beaded; Vonones II, beared, helmeted bust facing with short beard wearing diadem with loops at both sides; helmet with ornamentation (horns ?) and ear flaps. Royal wart on forehead; at each side six-pointed stars. Reverse: „description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX) Beardless archer, seated right on throne; in right hand bow, below bow monogram 26; somewhat blundered Greek legend Legend: BACIΛEΩC / BACIΛEΩN - APCAKOY - ΔIKAIOY - EΠIΦANOYC / ΦIΛEΛΛHNOC. Reference Catalogue/Link: Sellwood 67.1 (Vonones II). Shore 368 (Vonones II). Sunrise 417-8. Online Reference: Sellwood 67 accessed under <a href="https://www.parthia.com/vonones2.htm#Type_67"> parthia.com</a> (30.10.2021). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coin of Vonones II, Sellwood type 67.1 Subject The topic of the resource Coin of Vonones II Description An account of the resource Mint: Ecbatana Region: Persis(Province / Vassal State) Date: ca. 51 CE Metal/Denomination: AR, Drachm Weight/Diameter/Die-Axis: 3.51 g / 20 mm / 1 h Obverse: Beaded; Vonones II, beared, helmeted bust facing with short beard wearing diadem with loops at both sides; helmet with ornamentation (horns ?) and ear flaps; Royal wart on forehead; at each side six-pointed stars. Reverse: Beardless archer, seated right on throne; in right hand bow, below bow monogram 26; somewhat blundered Greek legend Legend: BACIΛEΩC / BACIΛEΩN - APCAKOY - ΔIKAIOY - EΠIΦANOYC / ΦIΛEΛΛHNOC. Ecbatana, Hamadan = City of Hamedan, Hamadan Province, Iran (همدان، ایران) 34°48'23.0"N 48°30'58.0"E 34.806389, 48.516111 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource WANG Fan Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Vonones II, Sellwood type 67.1 https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/94a012e70dfdeae880e56603707980c9.jpg 3a8d5745bfdf142a364620389377fcfe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rise of the Sassanids Subject The topic of the resource Rise of the Sassanids Language A language of the resource English Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wang, Fan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Wang, Fan Schellen, Thomas Galinski, Lara Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sasanian Empire - Map of Ardashir & shapur's campaign Subject The topic of the resource Sasanian Empire - Map of Ardashir & shapur's campaign Description An account of the resource to be replaced, as later effort https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/40c6bf3fb50c9b88f6e52d6134e20a0b.jpg be2425914690c755c27af472ac898f8d https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/b693630d6f4bf2c7acfee41068658edf.jpg ff787f4f0e527297ec946b94a335a968 https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/ce4a9b438e606cd40355c957c4133ea3.jpg 99a9b7bb6e1424c10c8868e51a20f1be Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rise of the Sassanids Subject The topic of the resource Rise of the Sassanids Language A language of the resource English Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wang, Fan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Wang, Fan Schellen, Thomas Galinski, Lara Coins Ruler/Minting Authority: Ardashir I Mint/Region: Mint C (Ctesiphon) Date: 226/7–240 CE Metal/Denomination: AV/AR/AE AR, Hemidrachm Weight/Diameter/Die-Axis: XX g / YY mm / ZZ h 2.0 g / 19 mm / 3 h Obverse: „description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX) bearded; draped bust of Ardashir I to right, wearing a diadem and close-fitting headdress with korymbos and no earflaps Legend: mzdysn bgy 'rthštr MRKAn MRKA 'yr'n mnw ctry MN yzd'n (Pahlawi, translation: Worshipper of Lord Mazda, 'God' Ardashir, King of Kings of Iran who has lineage from the Gods) Reverse: „description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX) fire altar with diadems Legend: NWRA ZY 'rthštr (Pahlawi, translation: Fire of Ardashir) Reference Catalogue/Link: Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum vol.I, Ardashirr I, Type IIIa(4a)/3a(2b)15, 215. Online Reference: Coins accessed under <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1831800&AucID=4248&Lot=1673&Val=a1cc835092b3f332fc256b2c1b2449cf%E2%80%9D">coinarchives.com</a> (15.10.2021). Coins accessed under <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//leunumismatik.com/en/lot/26/1673/%5B26%5D%E2%80%9D">leunumismatik.com</a> (15.10.2021). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Coin of Ardashir as King of Kings Subject The topic of the resource Coin of Ardashir, during the interim period between 226 and 240 CE Description An account of the resource In 223/224 CE, Ardashir I gained victory over Artabanus in the Battle of Hormizdagan (Bosworth 1999, 14) and proclaimed himself King of Kings while still on the battlefield (Bosworth 1999, 15). Later, in 226/227 CE (Bosworth 1999, 409ff., N.B. 411; c.f. also Aleim-Stiehl 1978, 115; Felix 1985, 26 and Richter-Bernburg 1993, 72ff.), he conquered Ctesiphon (Bosworth 1999, 14), where he could possibly hold a more formal coronation, although no chroniclers state anything about that. The rise of Ardashir had been completed at this stage, with his title changed from ‘God Ardashir, the King’ to ‘God Ardashir, the King of Iran’ to the final version of ‘King of Kings of Iran’, which is shown in the legend on the obverse of this coin. The fire altar resonates with Ardashir’s policy on religion, a total revitalization of Zoroastrianism, which also responses to the newly added word ‘Iran’ (or ‘Ayran’) in the obverse legend as a method of ‘invention of tradition’ from a mythical past. The diadem, which is mounted by a sun, probably stands for the blessing from Ahura Mazda, just like the propagandistic relief of <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/66">Naqš-i Rustam</a> shows, in which the throne of the house of Sassan is portrayed with <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/63">the investment of Ahura Mazda</a>. The private fire altar on the reverse strengthened this religious tie between Ardashir and Ahura Mazda, and somewhat reflects Ardashir’s preference, coordinated with the legend on the obverse, on religion over other mundane affairs, whereafter the icon of the fire altar has become a standardized image for reverses of Sassanian coinages. Reference: Bosworth, C. E. (trans.). 1999. The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen. Albany, New York. Gariboldi, A. 2017. Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Tajikistan - Sasanian Coins and Their Imitations from Sogdiana and Toachristan, Volume I. Wien. Felix, W. 1985. Antike Litrarische Quellen zur Außenpolitik des Sasanidenstaates I. Wien, 224–309. Richter-Bernburg, L. 1993. “Mani’s Dodecads and Sassanian Chronology: Kephalaia; Shapuragan, and Codes Manichaicus Coloniensis.” Zeitschrift für Papyrogie und Epigrafik 95: 71–80. Taqizadeh, S.H. 1943–1946. “The Early Sasanians. Some Chronological Points which Call for Revision.” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 11: 20f. Taqizadeh, S.H. and Henning, W.B. 1958. “The Date of Mani's Life.” Asian Major 4: 108f. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource WANG Fan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 223/4–240 CE Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CoinArchives, ancient coin auction, originally from Leu Numismatik AG - Web Auction 16, 22 May 2021, Lot 1673. Coins accessed under <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1831800&AucID=4248&Lot=1673&Val=a1cc835092b3f332fc256b2c1b2449cf%E2%80%9D">coinarchives.com</a> (15.10.2021). Coins accessed under <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttps%3A//leunumismatik.com/en/lot/26/1673/%5B26%5D%E2%80%9D">leunumismatik.com</a> (15.10.2021). Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource coin Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource coin Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Coin of Ardashir, the interim period between 226 CE and 240CE https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/ef51915a86e4f7351f1cf1ea325f585c.jpg c1cce39a292dd402fade6bd1d9165a5e https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/975cbf1a6369cce939a467d56e7add0b.jpg 3858f6e70bf6ead5fba5c4be2ff43dea https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/0f3ec7f5965d1eea41aa7b03b6995f02.jpg 0f127b4a27b746853bac088eeff6b662 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rise of the Sassanids Subject The topic of the resource Rise of the Sassanids Language A language of the resource English Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wang, Fan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Wang, Fan Schellen, Thomas Galinski, Lara Coins Mint/Region: Mint A (Stakhr), Persis(Province / Vassal State) Date: 205/6–223/4 CE Metal/Denomination: AV/AR/AE AR, hemidrachm Weight/Diameter/Die-Axis: XX g / YY mm / ZZ h 1.70g / 18 mm / 2 h Obverse: „description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX) Bearded; Ardashir, head, frontal view, wearing diadem and Parthian-style tiara; with pellet-in-crescent Legend: BGY 'RTHŠTR MLKA (Pahlavi, translation: The divine Ardaxir, king) Reverse: „description“; legend: XXX (Translation: XXX) Bearded head of Pabak to left Legend: BRE BGY P'PKY MLKA (Pahlawi, translation: son of the divinity Papak, king) Reference Catalogue/Link: Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum, Vol. I Ardashir I Type I(1)/1(1). Online Reference: Coins accessed under <a href="https://www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1831802&AucID=4248&Lot=1675&Val=f20b80997b150e5ce5859fd251cf22b0"> Coinarchives</a> (15.10.2021). Coins accessed under <a href="https://leunumismatik.com/en/lot/26/1675/%5B26%5D"> leunumismatik.com</a> (15.10.2021). Ruler/Minting Authority: Ardashir I Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Early Patch of the Coinage from the Reign of Ardashir I as King of Persis Subject The topic of the resource Ardashir I's coin during this kingship of Persis, most likely before his victorious war against the last Partian Great King Artabanus IV Description An account of the resource The first minting phase of Ardashir began with his cononation as king of Fars after his bother Shapur, the originally designated king of Fars, died in a collapsing building (Bosworth 1999, 8). According to the interpretation from Altheim-Stiehl 1978, an unnamed era of the Sassanian reign, documented in an inscription for Shapur I in Bishapur (Relief 5), started in the year 205/206 CE. This phase ended with Ardashir’s victory over Artabanus IV at the battle of Hormizdagan, which, according to Tabari, is supposed to have taken place in 223/224 CE. Differing from later Sassanian issues, the frontal protrait of a king can be traced back to Vonones II in ca. 51 CE, known as Sellwood type 67.1. The cap-like crown from the obverse and reverse is of Arsacid origin, but also has long been part of the regalia of the Shah of Fars (SNS II.A.1.1.a). The legend on both sides also follows the Arsacid precedence, naming Papag the king as BGY 'RD'ŠIR MLKA. The honorary title BGY means ‘god’ or ‘majesty’. The legend on the reverse explicitly describes Ardashir as ‘son of the god Papag, the King’. This type of coin is thought to have been minted in Stakhr, i.e. Mint A, which has served as the main mint for the king of Fars for centuries. The principal denomination remains as drachms with 2 auxiliary denominations found so far, 1/2 drachms and 1/6 dramchs. Coinage produced during this phase has a reduced fineness (of silver, ca. 61% to the Arsacid coins). Reference Bosworth, C. E. (trans.). 1999. The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen. Albany, New York. Gariboldi, A. 2017. Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Tajikistan - Sasanian Coins and Their Imitations from Sogdiana and Toachristan. Volume I. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaft, I.1(21ff); II.A.1.1.a(93f), 1.2.a(103ff); II.A.3(153ff); III.A(292f). Altheim-Stiehl, R. 1978. „Das früheste Datum der sassanidischen Geschichte, vermittelt durch die Zeitangabe der mittelperisch-partischen Inschrift aus Bišapur.“ Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 11: 113–116. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource WANG Fan Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Early patch of coinage of Ardashir I Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 205/6–223/4 CE Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource CoinArchives, ancient coin auction, from Leu Numismatik AG - Web Auction 16, 22 May 2021, Lot 1675. Coins accessed under <a href="https://www.coinarchives.com/a/lotviewer.php?LotID=1831802&AucID=4248&Lot=1675&Val=f20b80997b150e5ce5859fd251cf22b0"> Coinarchives</a> (15.10.2021). Coins accessed under <a href="https://leunumismatik.com/en/lot/26/1675/%5B26%5D"> leunumismatik.com</a> (15.10.2021). https://omeka.uni-trier.de/files/original/28739efc762f078a2e3b1630e2572cd8.jpg ed46a2f84450e2940db079e0b6cce890 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rise of the Sassanids Subject The topic of the resource Rise of the Sassanids Language A language of the resource English Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wang, Fan Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Wang, Fan Schellen, Thomas Galinski, Lara Person An individual. Birth Date 180 CE Death Date 240 CE Occupation satrap of Province Persis, King of Persis, founder of the Sassanian Empire, King of Kings of Persia Biographical Text Wiesehöfer, J. 1986. “ARDAŠĪR I i. History.” Encyclopaedia Iranica 2/4: 371-376, accesed under <a href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ardasir-i">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ardasir-i</a> (15.10.2021). Birthplace Ṭīrūda, a village in the district of Ḵīr and subdistrict of Eṣṭaḵr Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Origin of Ardashir I, Founder of the Sassanian Empire Subject The topic of the resource Phonetic deciphering of the spelling of the name of Ardashir I and different stories about his bloodline Description An account of the resource Ardashir I or Ardeshir I (Ardašire Bâbakân) was the founding father of the Sassanian Empire (224/226–651 CE) and also known as Ardashir the Unifier (180– 242 CE). Some texts call him Artaxerxes, surely pointing to the Persian continuity of rule. The different spellings of his name are due to the development of the Iranian languages, from the Old Persian ‘*Ṛtaxšira’ to Middle Persian (namely Pahlavi)’ ʾrthštr’, which makes him Artaxerxes V in the succession of Persian Shah (the Shah of Persis/Persia/Fars), after the Achaemenid Shah (Shahanshah) Artaxerxes IV; or Artaxerxes VI, if we consider Bessus, the famous Persian satrap of Bactria who killed Darius III while fleeing and probably assumed the crown name Artaxerxes, as the Artaxerxes mentioned in the ‘Alexander and Artaxerxes Fragment’ of the Babylonian Chronicles. The father of Ardashir I, according to Kârnâmag î Ardashîr î Babagân, was Sassan, a descendant from Dārā, i.e., the Achaemenid King Darius III. Ardashir’s mother was the daughter of Babag (Papag), the Parthian satrap of Persis. However, another Sassanian source, the famous Res Gestae Divi Saporis (<a href="http://parthiansources.com/texts/skz/">ŠKZ</a>) (<a href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kaba-ye-zardost">KAʿBA-YE ZARDOŠT</a>), identifies Babag as the grandfather of Shapur I and father of Ardashir in the very first paragraph. A later account provides a third version of the lineage of Ardashir: In Al-Tabari’s (839–923 CE) History of the Prophets and Kings (Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk, commonly called Tarikh al-Tabari), Sassan was the custodian of the temple of the Fire of Anāhitā (Bayt nār Nāhīḏ) at Eṣṭaḵr, who married Rāmbehešt, a descendant or princess of the Bāzarangid family, who gave birth to Babag who fathered Ardashir (Bosworth 1999, 4). A modern reconstruction, based on the studies of ancient religion and theological figures, has been proposed by Touraj Daryaee in 2010. It was the fourth version of Ardashir's lineage, where Babag is thought to be the father of Ardashir, whose mother was the daughter of Sassan (Daryaee 2010, 241). Martin Schwartz provides another description of ‘Sasan’, which can be traced back to a goddess ‘from the middle of 2nd millennium BCE’ in Ugarit (Schwartz 1996, 253.b–254.a). For now, it is known that Ardashir I has been described as a descendant of a royal lineage of the Achaemenid House or as having had some blood from some obscure celestial being as far as his propaganda goes. I.e., he presented himself as the descendant of Achaemenid lineage, from Darius III to be exact, or he propagated the idea that he was affiliated with Ahura Mazda and thus rightfully enthroned by the God Supreme himself, just as the relief from <a href="https://omeka.uni-trier.de/items/show/66">Naqš-i Rustam</a> shows. Reference: Bosworth, C. E. 1999. The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen. Albany, New York. Daryaee, T. 2009. Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. New York. Daryaee, T. 2010. “‘Ardashir and the Sasanians’ Rise to Power.” Anabasis: Studia Classica et Orientalia 1: 236–255. Schmitt, R. 1979. „Artaxerxes, Ardašīr und Verwandte.“ Incontri Linguistici 5: 61–72. Schwartz, M. 1996. “*Sasm, Sesen, St. Sisinnios, Sesengen Barpharangēs, and... ‘Semanglof’.” Bulletin of the Asia Institute New Series 10: 253–257. Schwartz, M. 1998. “Sesen: a Durable East Mediterranean God in Iran.” In: N. Sims-Williams (ed.), Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies held in Cambridge, 11th to 15th September 1995, Part 1, ‘Old and Middle Iranian Studies’. Wiesbaden, 9–13. Online Reference: Finkel, I.L., Spek, R.J. van der and Pirngruber, R. (eds.). 2020. Chronographic Texts from the Hellenistic Period. BCHP 4. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource WANG Fan Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Ardashir I Type The nature or genre of the resource person